Cold Formed Steel Sections - I

COLD FORMED STEEL
SECTIONS - I
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
COLD FORMED STEEL SECTIONS- I

Introduction
Advantages of cold formed sections
Stiffened and unstiffened Elements
Local buckling, Effective width concepts
Beams
Design considerations: web crushing, web
buckling and lateral buckling
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
extensively used in building industry
manufactured by forming thin steel sheets in cold
state
also called Light Gauge Steel Sections or Cold
Rolled Steel Sections
number of pairs of rolls (called stages) depends on
the complexity of the cross sectional shape
alternative method of forming is press braking
galvanising provides protection against corrosion
normally, yield strength is at least 280 N/mm2



ADVANTAGES
Cross sectional shapes formed to close tolerances
and can be consistently repeated for as long as
required.
Any desired shape of any desired length can be
produced.
Pre-galvanised or pre-coated metals have high
resistance to corrosion, besides having an attractive
surface finish.
All conventional jointing methods, (i.e. riveting,
bolting, welding and adhesives) can be employed.
High strength to weight ratio.
light and easy to transport and erect.
Typical Cold Formed Steel Profiles

Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements

- stiffened element - an element which is supported
by webs along both its longitudinal edges.
- unstiffened element - supported along one
longitudinal edge only with the other parallel edge
being free to displace
- intermittently stiffened element - made of a very wide
thin element divided into two or more narrow sub
elements by the introduction of intermediate
stiffeners, formed during rolling.

Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements - 2
Stiffened
element
Intermediate
stiffener
Unstiffened
element
Lips
Intermittently stiffened
element
Edge stiffened
element
Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements

10
LOCAL BUCKLING
Elastic Buckling of Thin Plates

A flat plate simply supported on all edges and loaded in
compression will buckle at an elastic critical stress given
by
2
K E
t
pcr

2
12 ( 1 ) b

11
Local Buckling- 2
Supported
edge
Supported
edge
(a) Axially compressed plate simply

supported on all edges
Supported
edge
Edge free
to move
(b) Axially compressed plate with

one edge supported and the other
edge free to move

12
Local Buckling - 3
Edge stiffened
element
Unstiffened
element with
an edge free
to move
Internal element with

supported edges
Edges stiffened to prevent

free movement
Internal
element
Section with unstiffened
element
The same section with

stiffened outstands
The technique of stiffening the element

13
Local Buckling - 4
Post - Critical Behaviour

M
(a) Buckled Shape
eff
2
(b) Stress Distribution
(c) Effective width
Local Buckling Effects

14
Local Buckling - 5
flat plates would buckle instantaneously at the elastic

critical load.
Under incremental loading, plate elements which are
not perfectly flat will begin to deform out of plane
from the beginning rather than instantaneously at the
onset of buckling and fail at a lower load.
a non-uniform state of stress exists throughout the
loading regime. This tendency is predominant in
plates having b/t (breadth/thickness) ratios of 30-60.
for plates having a b/t value in excess of 60,
membrane stresses resist further buckling .
15
Local Buckling - 6
Mean
stress
pcr
Flat plates
Initial imperfection
Plates with initial

imperfections
Lateral
deflection
Mean stress Vs Lateral deflection relation

16
Local Buckling - 7
Effective Width Concept

Lightly stressed regions at the centre are least
effective.
Regions near the supports are far more effective.
The effective width, (beff) multiplied by the edge stress
( e) is the same as the mean stress across the section
multiplied by the total width (b) of the compression
member.
17
Local Buckling - 8
The effective width of an element under compression is

dependent on the magnitude of the applied stress fc, the
b/t ratio of the element and the edge support conditions.
BS 5950 Code Provisions

when fc > 0.123 pcr, then
beff
b
f
1 14 c
pcr
0.5
when fc < 0.123 pcr, then beff = b
4 0.2
0.35

18
Local Buckling - 9
beff / b
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
50
100
150
200
250
b/t
Ratio of effective width to flat width (fy = 280 N/mm2) of compression

plate with simple edge supports

19
Local Buckling - 10
Buckling coefficient, K (BS 5950, Part 5) for channel

element
B2
Lipped channel
B1
For the member having the width of B1

K1 7
1.8 h
1.43 h 3
0.15 h
For the member having the width of B2
where h = B2 / B1
2 t1
K 2 K 1 h
t2

20
Local Buckling - 12
B2
2. Plain channel (without lips)
B1
for the element of width B1

K1
1 15 h
3 0.5
2 4.8 h
1 15 h 3
for the element of width B2
t1
K 2 K 1 h
t2
2

21
Local Buckling - 13
Maximum width to thickness ratios (IS: 801 and BS

5950, Part 5 )
Stiffened elements with one longitudinal edge
connected to a flange or web element and the other
stiffened by a simple lip:
60
Stiffened elements with both longitudinal edges
connected to other stiffened elements:
500
Unstiffened compression elements:
60

22
Local Buckling - 14
Treatment of Elements with Stiffeners

Edge Stiffeners
Elements having b/t 60 and provided with simple lip
having one fifth of the element width may be regarded
as a stiffened element
If b/t > 60, then the lip itself may have stability
problems. Therefore compound lips are designed.
23
Local Buckling - 15
Intermediate stiffeners
Intermediate stiffeners is used to transform a wide and
ineffective element into highly effective element
w
Intermediate
stiffener
The required minimum moment of inertia of the stiffener about the

axis 0-0
2
I min
w f y
0.2 t .
t 280
4

24
Local Buckling - 17
Proportioning of Stiffeners
Performance of unstiffened
substantially improved by
elements
can
be
introducing stiffeners such as lip.

introducing intermediate stiffeners.
According to BS 5950, an unstiffened element can

be regarded as a stiffened element, when the lip or
the edge stiffener has a moment of inertia about an
axis through the plate middle surface equal to or
greater than
b3 t
I min
375

25
Local Buckling - 18
The Indian standard IS: 801-1975 prescribes a

minimum moment of inertia for the lip given by
1.83 t 4
I min
w t
281200
Fy
Imin should not be less than 9.2 t4 .

For a simple lip bent at right angles to the stiffened
element, the required overall depth dmin is given by
d min
2.8 t
t
w
281200
Fy
dmin should be less than 4.8 t

26
Local buckling - 19
Intermediate Stiffeners.
used to split a wide element into a series of
narrower and therefore more effective elements.
(For Equations , please refer the paper)

27
Beams
Laterally stable beams - Beams, which do not
buckle laterally .
Designs may be carried out using simple beam
theory, making modifications for local buckling of
the webs.
This is done by imposing a maximum compressive
stress,(which may be considered to act on the
bending element ) given by
pO
D
1.13 0.0019
t
fy
p y f y
280

28
Beams - 3
Other Beam Failure Criteria
1. Web Crushing
Generally occurs under concentrated load or at
support point when deep slender webs are employed.
Space between bottom
flange and supporting beam
(a) Web crushing
Web cleat used to

avoid web crushing
(b) Cleats to avoid web

crushing
Web crushing and how to avoid it

29
Beams - 3
Shear Buckling
Thin webs subjected to predominant shear will buckle.
The maximum shear in a beam web is invariably limited
to 0.7 times yield stress in shear.
In deep webs, where shear buckling can occur, the
average shear stress (pv) must be less than
1000 t
pv
Web buckling
30
Beams - 4
Lateral Buckling
The great majority of cold formed beams are (by
design) restrained against lateral deflections.
Lateral buckling will not occur if the beam under
loading bends only about the minor axis.
Lateral buckling occurs only in "long" beams and is
characterised by the beam moving laterally and
twisting when a transverse load is applied

31
Beams - 5
Bending and
twisting
Lateral Buckling
32
Beams - 6
The design approach is based on the "effective

length" of the beam for lateral buckling, which is
dependent on support and loading conditions.
The elastic lateral buckling moment capacity ,
A E D
1 e t
ME
Cb 1
20 ry D
2 e / ry
where,
2
Cb = 1.75 - 1.05 + 0.3 2 2.3.

= ratio of the smaller end moment to the larger
end moment
33
Beams - 7
Single Curvature
Double Curvature
Single and Double Curvature Bending

34
Beams - 8
Perry-Robertson type equation is employed for

evaluating the Moment Resistance of the beam
Mb
1
M y ( 1 ) M E
2
1 M E 4 M y M E
My = First yield moment given by the product of yield

stress (fy ) and the Elastic Modulus (Zc) of the
gross section.
ME = Elastic lateral buckling resistance moment
= Perry coefficient
35
CONCLUSION
The difference between cold rolled steel and hot
rolled steel has been discussed and the merits of
the former are outlined
The concepts of "effective width" and "effective
section" employed in the analysis and design of
cold rolled section are explained.
The
difference
between
"stiffened"
and
"unstiffened" elements is explained.
Considerations in the design of cold rolled beams
have been explained

36
THANK YOU

37

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COLD FORMED STEEL

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures