Trisakti 2013 Teknik Reservoir Lanjut

TEKNIK RESERVOIR LANJUT
Dr. Ir. Rachmat Sudibjo
Teknik Perminyakan
1
Trisakti
INTEGRATED PETROPHYSICS
Integrating geoscience disciplines to achieve dynamic

reservoir description
Integrated Petrophysics
RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION
CORING
CONVENTIONAL CORE
PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Thin Section Petrography
microphotographs illustrates the typical

components of a sandstone reservoir
Poorly sorted sandstone
Oolitic limestone
Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis
Useful Porosity
Some micro porosity may not be observed in conventional core analysis.

Most porosity indicating logs see unconnected porosity, but the sonic log
may not see any or all of the microporosity.
FLUID SATURATION
CAPILLARY PRESSURE
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
LOGGING UNIT
DRILLING FLUID INVASION
Resistivity Response versus Depth of Investigation
THE PETROPHYSICAL MODEL
GENERAL RULES FOR PICKING LOG VALUES

In thick beds, pick average values
(heavy black vertical lines) ===>
Old style induction log, layer roughly

15 feet (5 meters), pick peaks and valleys;
other logs, pick averages ===>
FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

Volume @ kondisi reservoir / volume @ kondisi
permukaan (standar)
Sangat praktis untuk

konversi
volume dari kondisi
reservoir
ke permukaan dan
sebaliknya
Juga dapat digunakan
Bo = 1 1.4
untuk
mengkonversi unit
volume
Bw = 1 1.1
dari bbl > scf etc
Bg = 0.005teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

27
perminyakan - trisakti
0.007
MONETIZATION (VOL.
STANDARD)
$$
$
$$
$
material balance: diperlukan

konversi dari volume reservoir
28
teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik perminyakan - trisakti
ke volume permukaan
Basic Concepts
teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

29
Pressure gradient

30
Formation Pressure
Definition Normal Hydrostatic
Pressure
During a period of sedimentation, grains of sediment are continuously
building up, in a water environment, the pore spaces between the grains
were, therefore, filled with water.
If the pore throats through the sediment are interconnecting all the way to
surface, the pressure of the fluid at any depth in the sediment will be same,
i.e. formation pressure.
This pressure depends only on the density of the fluid in the pore space
and the depth (hydrostatic pressure), independent of the pore size or pore
throat geometry. hydrostatic pressure.
Formation gradient pressure is generally equal to 0.433 psi/ft for
freshwater. Deviations from this gradient and its associated pressure at a
given depth are considered abnormal pressure.
Overburden Pressure
Lithostatic Pressure
The vertical pressure at any point in the earth is known as the
overburden pressure or geostatic pressure. The overburden pressure
at any point is a function of the mass of rock and fluid above the point of
interest. I
n order to calculate the overburden pressure at any point, the average
density of the material (rock and fluids) above the point of interest must
be determined. The average density of the rock and fluid in the pore
space is known as the bulk density of the rock
Overburden
Pressure
Normal pressure gradient

P grad water
= 0.433 psi/ft
P grad oil
= 0.35 psi/ft
P grad gas
= 0.08 psi/ft

34

35
Fluid contacts
tekres lanjut teknik perminyakan trisakti
36
Pressure gradient in Reservoir

37
Penentuan fluids contacts
tekres lanjut teknik perminyakan trisakti
38
C
w
Co Cg
Pressure
PEAK STRUCTURE
Gas Gradient
D
e
p
t
h
GOC
Po =
Pg
Water Gradient
Oil Gradient
OWC
Po = Pw
39
Differential Density Effects

This effect is encountered when a gas reservoir with a
significant dip is drilled. Because of a failure to recognize this
potential hazard, blowouts may occur.
Pressure
Well Test
PEAK STRUCTURE
Gas Gradient
D
e
p
t
h
Pg =
Pw
GW
C
Water Gradient
Oil Gradient
Po = Pw
OWC

41
Reserve Estimation
Methods
1. Volumetric Method
Early stage of reservoir development
Geology, Geophysics, Rock and Fluid
properties
Recovery Factor (RF) assigned arbitrarily
No time dependency, No Production data
Reservoir limits for reserve classification
Structure on top of production well
BHP vs Depth
BHP vs depth (upper & lower bonds of

prediction confidence at @ 80%
the shift across the boundary between good and poor quality sand
(Capillary chart)
Structure map on top of porosity

Minimum cut off:
permeability = 1 md
Porosity = 2-4% (carbonate)
= 7-10%(sandstone)
Isopach map of total net sand
Net oil isopach above HKW
Isopach of total net oil sand
Perhitungan Kandungan Minyak

(OOIP) Secara Volumetric
Reserve Estimation
Methods
2.Material Balance
Later stage of development
Geological data, Rock and Fluid properties,
Production data
RF is calculated
Time dependant
DRIVE MECHANISM
SOLUTION
GAS DRIVE:
RF= 1015%
GAS CAP
GAS DRIVE
RF = 15
25%
WATER
DRIVE
RF = 20
teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik perminyakan
54 - trisakti
40%
SOLUTION GAS DRIVE
Solution Gas Drive

Crude oil under high pressure may contain large amounts of
dissolved gas. When the reservoir pressure is reduced as fluids
are withdrawn, gas comes out of the solution and displaces oil
from the reservoir to the producing wells. The efficiency of
solution gas drive depends on the amount of gas in solution, the
rock and fluid properties and the geological structure of the
reservoir.
Recoveries are low, on the order of 10-15 % of the original oil in
place (OOIP). Recovery is low, because the gas phase is more
mobile than the oil phase in the reservoir.
Solution gas drive reservoirs are usually good candidates for
water-flooding
GAS CAP DRIVE
Gas Cap Drive

The initial reservoir pressure is below the
bubble point, so there is more free gas in the
reservoir than the oil can retain in solution.
This free gas, because of density difference,
accumulates at the top of the reservoir and
forms a cap.
In gas cap drive reservoirs, wells are drilled
and completed in the oil producing layer of
the formation.
As oil production causes a reduction in
pressure, the gas in gas cap expands and
pushes oil into the well bores.
WATER DRIVE
Water Drive
Most oil or gas reservoirs have water aquifers. When this
water aquifer is continuously fed by incoming water, then
this bottom water will expand as pressure of the oil/gas zone
is reduced because of production.
The expanding water also moves and displaces oil or gas in
an upward direction from lower parts of the reservoir, so the
pore spaces vacated by oil or gas produced are filled by
water.
The oil and gas are progressively pushed by water towards
the well bore. Recovery factor may reach 50% of the original
oil in place (OOIP)
GRAVITY DRAINAGE
Gravity Drainage
Gravity drainage may be a primary producing

mechanism in thick reservoirs that have a good
vertical communication or in steeply dipping
reservoirs.
Gravity drainage is a slow process because gas
must migrate up structure or to the top of the
formation to fill the space formerly occupied by
oil.
Gas migration is fast relative to oil drainage so
those oil rates are controlled by the rate of oil
drainage.
COMBINATION DRIVE
Material Balance Method

Underground withdrawal (oil + gas + water) =
Expansion of oil
+ dissolved gas (A)
+ Expansion f gas-cap gas (B)
+ Reduction in HCPV (C)
+ water influx (D)
Material Balance Method - Basic Principle

A = Increase in HCPV due to the expansion of the oil phase (oil
+dissolved gas).
B = Increase in HCPV due to the expansion of the gas phase (free
gasin the gas cap).
C = decrease in HCPV due to the combined effects of the
expansion of the connate water and the reduction in reservoir pore
volume.
D = decrease in HCPV due to water encroachment (from aquifer)
MATERIAL BALANCE
N=
N=vol. minyak @
standar
G=vol. gas @ standar
W=vol. air @ reservoir
m=vol.gas/vol.minyak
@reservoir
Np=prod.minyak@stan
dar
Gp=prod. gas@ standa
r
Wp=prod. air @
standar
Np[ Bt ( Rp Rsi ) Bg ] (We BwWp )
mBti We=intrusi air @
Bt Bti
( Bg Bgi )
Bgi
reservoir
65 unit vol.
Bo, Bg, Bw=
menyesuaikan
MATERIAL BALANCE
simultaneous drives
N=

mBti
Bt Bti
( Bg Bgi )
Bgi
66
MATERIAL BALANCE
simultaneous drives
N=

mBti
Bt Bti
( Bg Bgi )
Bgi
DDI = Depletion
Drive Index
SDI = Segregation
67
Drive Index
Straight Line MBE
MBE can be modified as equations of straight lines, which can be

applied to different types of reservoirs (Havlena Odeh).
F= N (Eo + m Eg + Ef,w) + We Bw
F = summation of production terms:
Np [Bo + (Rp Rs) Bg] + Wp Bw (rb)
Eo = Oil and Dissolved gas expansion terms
[ (Bo Boi) + (Rsi Rs) Bg
Eg = Gas cap expansion term
Boi (Bg / Bgi 1)
Ef,w = rock and water compression/expansion terms
(1+m) NBoi
--------------- (cw Swc + cf) p + We Bw
(1 Swc)
MBE- Definitions of Variables

Production data
Np = Cumulative oil produced (stb)
Gp = cumulative gas produced (scf)
Wp = Cumulative water produced (stb)
Rp = Gp/Np = Cumulative produced gas-oil ratio (scf/stb)
Reservoir Data
pi = Initial mean pressure in the reservoir (psi)
p = current mean pressure in the reservoir, (psi)
Swc = connate water saturation, (fraction)
cf = Compressibility of formation (psi-1)
Fluid PVT Data
Bgi = Initial gas volume factor at pi (ft3/scf)
Bg = Gas volume factor at current pressure p (ft3/scf)
Boi = Initial oil volume factor at pi (rb/stb)
Bo = Oil volume factor at current pressure p (rb/stb)
cw = Compressibility of water (psi-1)
Bw = Formation volume factor of water at current pressure p (rb/stb)
Rsi = solution gas-oil ratio at initial pressure pi (scf/stb)
Rs = solution gas-oil ratio at current pressure p (scf/stb)
No gas cap, no water drive
70
No gas cap
71
No water drive
72
No gas cap
73
No water drive
74
WATER INFLUX

mBti
Bt Bti
( Bg Bgi )
Bgi
DDI = Depletion Drive Index

SDI = Segregation Drive Index
WDI = Water Drive Index
DDI+SDI+WDI = 1
75
WATER INFLUX
STEADY STATE
: SCHILTHUIS
MODIFIED STEADY STATE
: HURST
UNSTEADY STATE
:
VAN
EVERDINGEN & HURST
teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik perminyakan

76
trisakti
WATER INFLUX

77
WATER INFLUX
k= konstanta water influx

[bbl/day/psi]
dp= (pi-p) di batas reservoir /
aquifer [psi]
c= konstanta water influx
[bbl/day/psi
dp= (pi-p) di batas reservoiraquifer [psi]
B= konstanta
water influx
[bbl/day/ps
a = konstanta
konversi
waktu
dp= penurunan
tekanan [psi]
[f. unit waktu]
Q(t)=dimensionless water influx
78
Water Influx
Van Everdingen (re/rw = 2 4)

79

80
Reserve Estimation
Methods
3.Decline Curve Analysis

Later stage of development, production
rate undergoes natural decline
Mostly Production data, no Pressure data
RF is calculated
Time dependant
Decline curve of an oil well
Advantage of Decline Curves

Decline curves are the most common
means of forecasting production. They
have many advantages:
Data is easy to obtain,
They are easy to plot,
They yield results on a time basis, and
They are easy to analyze.
Exponential Decline
If the conditions affecting the rate of production of the well are not changed by
outside influences, the curve will be fairly regular, and, if projected, will furnish
useful knowledge as to the future production of the well.
in the exponential decline, the wells production data plots as a straight line on a
semilog paper. The equation of the straight line on the semilog paper is given
by:
q = qi .eDt
Where:
q = wells production rate at time t, STB/day
qi = wells production rate at time 0, STB/day
D = nominal exponential decline rate, 1/day
t = time, day
Hyperbolic Decline
If the wells production data plotted on a semilog

paper concaves upward, then it is modeled with a
hyperbolic decline. The equation of the hyperbolic
decline is given by:
q=qi(1+bDi.t)-1/b
Where:
Di = initial nominal exponential decline rate (t
= 0), 1/day
b = hyperbolic exponent
t = time, day
Harmonic Decline
A special case of the hyperbolic decline is known as harmonic decline,

where b is taken to be equal to 1. The following table summarizes the
equations used in harmonic decline:
q=qi/(1+bDi.t)
Where:
Di = initial nominal exponential decline rate (t = 0), 1/day
b = hyperbolic exponent = 1
t = time, day
Reserve Estimation
Methods
4.Reservoir Simulation
applied at any stage, more reliable for
matured reservoirs
Geological, Rock and Fluid properties,
Production data
More useful as reservoir management
tool
FRACT. FLOW & ITS DERIVATIVE

88
FRACTIONAL FLOW EQUATION

89
WATER FRACTIONAL FLOW

90
FRONT & AVERAGE WATER

SATURATIONS

91
TRANSITION ZONE

92
2D FLUID FLOW

93

94
Microscopic displacement

96
Vertical sweep efficiency

97

98
Sweep effeciency
Sweep effeciency

100
Areal & vertical sweep eff.

101
Displacement efficiency
where S oi = initial oil saturation at start of flood

B oi = oil FVF at start of flood, bbl/STB
= average oil saturation in the flood pattern at a particular
point during the flood
102
DYKSTRA PARSONS
coefficient of K variation (V)
V=
k50 = median permeability value, mD
k84.1 =permeability at 84.1%
probability
104
Plot of permeability data

on log normal paper
V=
K,
mD
0.01
50
99.99
Percent of sample with higher Permeability

105
Dykstra Parson, WOR = 1
Water Coning
P > 0,433(w - o)hc

115
Water Coning In A Vertical Oil Well

For an reservoir with an underlying water-zone, and the
perforated interval at the top of the oil-zone, a number of
researchers have proposed methods for determining the
Critical oil flow rate (Qoc).
The commonly-used methods are:
- Meyer-Garders Method
- Chaperon's Method
- Schol's Method
- Hoyland-Papatzacos-Skjaeveland's
Method
- Sobosinski - Cornelius
All these methods apply to the isotropic reservoir
case where horizontal permeability equals
teknik reservoir
lanjut - RS -teknik
116
vertical permeability,
except
for Chaperon's
more
Water Coning

117
Water coning & fingering

118
Water coning in horizontal well

119
Critical Pressure Drawdown &

Production Rate
P > 0,433(w - o)hc
P = pressure draw down at the well
= water specific gravity
= oil specific gravity

hc
= vertical distance from the bottom
of well completion to OWC
120
Meyer-Garders Method
0.001535

121
Chaperon's Method

122
Schol's Method

123
Hoyland-PapatzacosSkjaeveland's Method

124
Metode BOURNAZEL dan

JEANSON
0.00137

125
Sobocinski dan Cornelius
M < 1,
=0.5 M> 1,
= 0.6
Z : dimensionless cone height
td : dimensionless time, t: days
Contoh perhitungan

127
nomenclature
Where:
Qoc = critical oil well rate, STB/day
h = oil column thickness, ft
hp= perforated interval, ft
kh= horizontal permeability, md
kv= vertical permeability, md
ko= effective oil permeability, md
(ko= rock permeability x oil relative permeability)
re = drainage radius of well, ft
rw = wellbore radius, ft
Bo = formation volume factor of oil
o = oil viscosity, cp
o = oil density, lb/ft3
w = water density, lb/ft3
Note that the critical rate is the oil rate below which water
teknik reservoir
lanjut
- RSrate
-teknikmay be
128too low for
breakthrough will never
occur;
this
perminyakan
- trisakti
practical and economic
reasons.
Water coning
Input data
Oil column thickness
ft
Perforated interval
ft
Wellbore radius
ft
Drainage radius
ft
Permeability
mD
Oil relative
permeability
Oil density
lb/ft3
Water density
lb/ft3
Formation volume
factor
Oil Viscosity
129
OUTPUT VARIABLES
Critical Oil Flow Rate
STB/day
Meyer-Garder's Method
Chaperon's Method
Schol's Method
Hoyland-PapatzacosSkjaeveland
Critical Oil Flow Rate

(Anisotropic)
STB/day
Chaperon's Method

130

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TEKNIK RESERVOIR LANJUT

Dr. Ir. Rachmat Sudibjo

Integrating geoscience disciplines to achieve dynamic

microphotographs illustrates the typical

Poorly sorted sandstone

Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis

Some micro porosity may not be observed in conventional core analysis.

DRILLING FLUID INVASION

Resistivity Response versus Depth of Investigation

THE PETROPHYSICAL MODEL

GENERAL RULES FOR PICKING LOG VALUES

Old style induction log, layer roughly

FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

Sangat praktis untuk

Bg = 0.005teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

material balance: diperlukan

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

Normal pressure gradient

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

tekres lanjut teknik perminyakan trisakti

Pressure gradient in Reservoir

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

Penentuan fluids contacts

tekres lanjut teknik perminyakan trisakti

Differential Density Effects

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

Reservoir limits for reserve classification

Structure on top of production well

BHP vs depth (upper & lower bonds of

Structure map on top of porosity

Isopach map of total net sand

Net oil isopach above HKW

Isopach of total net oil sand

Perhitungan Kandungan Minyak

SOLUTION GAS DRIVE

Solution Gas Drive

GAS CAP DRIVE

Gas Cap Drive

Gravity drainage may be a primary producing

Material Balance Method

Material Balance Method - Basic Principle

Np[ Bt ( Rp Rsi ) Bg ] (We BwWp )

Np[ Bt ( Rp Rsi ) Bg ] (We BwWp )

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik perminyakan - trisakti

Straight Line MBE

MBE can be modified as equations of straight lines, which can be

MBE- Definitions of Variables

No gas cap, no water drive

Np[ Bt ( Rp Rsi ) Bg ] (We BwWp )

DDI = Depletion Drive Index

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik perminyakan

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

k= konstanta water influx

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

Van Everdingen (re/rw = 5 10)

Van Everdingen (re/rw = 2 4)

teknik reservoir lanjut - RS -teknik

3.Decline Curve Analysis

Decline curve of an oil well

Advantage of Decline Curves

If the wells production data plotted on a semilog