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Equations
1.
dy
2x 3
dx
2.
d2y
dy
3
ay 0
2
dx
dx
3.
d 3 y dy
3
dx
dx
6y 3
2u 2u
2 0
2
x
y
2.
4u 4u
4 0
4
x
t
3.
2 u 2 u u
2
2
t
x
t
dy
2x 3
dx
d2y
dy
3 9y 0
2
dx
dx
d 3 y dy
3
dx
dx
6y 3
ORDER
1
d2y
dy
3 ay 0
2
dx
dx
d 3 y dy
3
dx
dx
d2y
2
dx
Degree
1
6y 3
dy
dx
3 0
d2y
dy
3
9 y 0.
1.
2
dx
dx
is linear.
Example:
2.
d 3 y dy
3
dx
dx
6y 3
Example: 3.
d2y
dy
3
x
x
dx
dx 2
2
Example: 4.
dy
sin y
dx
is non - linear because
y3
sin y y
3!
is non linear
dy
a1 x
a0 x y g x
dx
2. Differential form:
1 x dy ydx 0
.
3. General form:
dy
f ( x, y )
dx
or
dy
f ( x, y, ) 0.
dx
9
10
11
dny
d n 1 y
d2y
dy
a n n a n 1 n 1 .... a 2 2 a1
a0 y g x
dx
dx
dx
dx
2. nth order linear differential equation with variable coefficients
dy
d n 1 y
d2y
dy
an x
a n 1 x
......
a
x
a
x
a0 x y g x
2
1
n
2
dx
dx
dx
dx
12
13
Examples
y=3x+c
, is solution of the
dy
st
3equation
1 order differential
, c1
dx
is arbitrary constant.
As is solution of the differential
equation for every value of c1, hence it
Examples
is known
as general solution.
y sin x y cos x C
y 6 x e x y 3 x 2 e x C1 y x 3 e x C1x C2
Observe that the set of solutions to the above 1st order equation has 1 parameter,
while the solutions to the above 2nd order equation depend on two parameters.
Chapter 1
Differential Equation
Families of Solutions
Example
9 yy ' 4 x 0
Solution
9yy ' 4 x dx C
9y 2
9 ydy 2 x C1
2 x 2 C1 9 y 2 4 x 2 2C1
2
2
C1
y 2 x2
This yields
C where C .
4
9
18
Observe that given any point (x0,y0),
there is a unique solution curve of the
above equation which curve goes
through the given point.
Differential Equation
Chapter 1
y c1 x c 2
d2y
0
2
dx
2. . For the family of curves
A.
B.
y ce
x2
2
y c1e c2 e
2x
dy
xy
dx
3 x
d 2 y dy
6y 0
2
dx
dx
16
Differential
Equation
Differential Equation
Chapter 1 Chapter 1
Physical Origin
1. Free falling stone
where
d 2s
g
2
dt
d2y
m 2 ky
dt
is displacement,
m is mass and
k is spring
constant
3. RLC circuit, Kirchoff s Second Law
d 2q
dq 1
L 2 R
qE
dt c
dt
capacitor,
L is
c is
R is
E is
is charge on
inductance,
capacitance.
resistance and
voltage
17
Differential Equation
Chapter 1
Physical Origin
1.Newtons Low of Cooling
dT
dt
where
T Ts
dT
T Ts
dt
dy
y
dt
18