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History of Glass
The history of the origin of glass can be categorized by
periods according to the methods of the manufacturing
process as follows:
The First Period: 1700 BC through 100 AD
Primitive method of making glass using molds.
Mesopotamian glass
As early as 3,300 years ago, secret "instructions" for furnace building
and glassmaking in Mesopotamia were written on clay tablets in a
cuneiform script. Typical instructions include:
When you set up the foundation of a good furnace to make glass,
first search in a favorable month for a day of good omen
You regularly perform libation offerings (drink of honey and
liquid butter honoring a deity).
On the day when you plan to make (glass), you make a sheep
sacrifice.
Place juniper incense on the incense burner
Pour out a libation; only then can you make the fire in the hearth
of the furnace and place the glass in the furnace.
The wood that you burn in the hearth of the furnace should be
thick, peeled poplar wood, which has no knots, bound
together with leather straps, cut in the month of the Abu (Jul.
or Aug.).
If you want to produce zagindur-colored (blue) glass, you finely
grind separately:
Containers
Windows
Decoration
Lenses
Fiberglass (insulation)
Fiberoptics
Road signs
Composites
GLASS STRUCTURE
Basic Unit:
4Si04 tetrahedron
Si4+
O2-
Quartz is crystalline
SiO2:
Glass is amorphous
Amorphous structure
occurs by adding impurities
(Na+,Mg2+,Ca2+, Al3+)
Impurities:
interfere with formation of
crystalline structure.
Na+
Si4+
O2-
(soda glass)
Adapted from Fig.
12.11, Callister, 6e.
Glass
Glass composition determines properties
noncrystalline
glass
SiO2
Na2O
Fused silica
>99.5%
Pyrex (borosilicate)
81
3.5
Container (soda-lime)
74
16
fiberglass
55
CaO
Al2O3
B2O3
2.5
13
16
15
other
4 MgO
10
4 MgO
GLASS PROPERTIES
Specific volume (1) vs Temperature (T):
Specific volume
Crystalline materials:
Supercooled
Liquid
Glasses:
Glass
(amorphous solid)
Crystalline
(i.e., ordered) solid
Tg
Tm
F A
dv dy dv dy
shear stress
V is c o s ity [P a s ]
1014
dv
dy
dy dv
dv
glass
dy
velocity gradient
1010
106
102
Adapted from Fig. 13.6, Callister, 6e.
Tmelt
(Fig. 13.6 is from E.B. Shand,
1
Engineering Glass, Modern Materials,
200 600 1000 1400 1800 T(C)Vol. 6, Academic Press, New York, 1968,
p. 262.)
Glass plates
Originally, glass plates made one at a time using the
Pittsburgh process (vertically draw a continuous sheet of
glass of a consistent width from the tank).
Pilkington discovered how to make glass continuously.
http://www.pilkington.com/pilkington/corporate/english/education/float+process/default.htm
Tempering:
Chemical
--puts surface of glass part into compression
tempering is
--suppresses growth of cracks from surface scratches. also possible.
--sequence:
before cooling
hot
surface cooling
cooler
hot
cooler
further cooled
compression
tension
compression
GLASS
FORMING
PARTICULATE
FORMING
CEMENTATION
Pressing:
Gob
Pressing
operation
Parison
mold
Compressed
air
Blowing:
suspended
Parison
Finishing
mold
Adapted from Fig. 13.7, Callister, 6e. (Fig. 13.7 is adapted from C.J.
Phillips, Glass: The Miracle Maker, Pittman Publishing Ltd., London.)
Crizzling
Prolongued exposure to chemical attack
can lead to local microcracks, Crizzling.
Eventually leads to failure.
Ceramic History
In 221 BC during the Qing Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang was the
Emperor in reign. The Terra Cotta Army was built as a way
of creating an illusion of strength and manpower.
Discovered in 1974.
Most soldiers standing in
formation, many with their
horses ready for battle.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army