INTRODUCTION

ASSIGNMENT: RESEARCH Proposal,

Level of chlorine in drinking
water of Islamabad at
consumers end.
Dr Farrukh Iqbal,Roll No:6
 Introduction
-Water is included in Physical environment
-3/4th of earth surface is water
-6 million gallon water evaporate/ sec
-Much of ill health in under developed country is due to water
Rationale
of our research is to know Chlorine level in water supply of Islamabad so
that consumer can get maximum benefits of chlorination and avail safe
water supply.
LITERATURE REVIEW
• Water is vital for life and is one of the basic resources for existence
• According to United Nations’ statistics, over one billion people, one-sixth
of the world’s population, lack clean drinking water
• Contamination of natural sources of fresh water is a serious issue in
Pakistan as wastewater from raw sewage, industrial waste, and agriculture
runoffs may be mishandled and dumped directly into lakes, rivers and
streams.
• Chlorine, the most common disinfectant in the US, is effective in killing most
pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
• Many public water systems add chlorine (a process known as “chlorination”)
to their water supply for the purpose of disinfection
Why Add Chlorine to Drinking Water
• To kill certain bacteria
• To replace chlorine lost by dissipation in the municipal piping
system
• To ensure adequate disinfection when pH is high
What Chlorine Level is Recommended for
Continuous Disinfection
As a general guideline, drinking water should contain 0.5- to 2
ppm chlorine throughout an automated watering system
• Where and When • What are
Should Chlorine be Chlorination By-
Measured
Chloroform Products
Range 0.7 - 540 µg/L, Mean 26.4 µg/L
As a worst case (where
the concentration will BromodichloromRange 1.9 - 183 µg/L, Mean 9.1 µg/L
ethane
be the lowest), measure
the chlorine at points
farthest from the Chlorodibromo Range 0.4 - 280 µg/L, Mean 5.7 µg/L
methane
incoming supply water
right before flushing
• Sample holding time Bromoform Range0.4 - 280 µg/L, Mean 5.7 µg/L

For chlorine Chloroacetic

Acid
Range <1 - 5 µg/L

measurements, test the

sample immediately. Dichloroacetic Range12 - 79 µg/L, Mean 47 µg/L
Acid
Chlorine in water is not
stable and the Trichloroacetic Range4 - 103 µg/L, Mean 38 µg/L
concentration will Acid

decrease rapidly Dichloroacetonit Range 1.9 - 24 µg/L, Mean 2 µg/L

rile
• What are the Health AIM:
Effects of Chlorine
Byproducts To assess the level of
chlorination in
In animals many drinking water at
adverse effects of consumer end.
chlorine Byproducts OBJECTIVES:
have been observed
e.g. Liver, Intestinal To quantify the level
and Kidney tumors but of chlorine in drinking
in Human beings up water at consumer
till now Carcinoma of end
Bladder is reported.
METHODOLOGY:
Type of study:
Comparative cross sectional survey
Data collection techniques:
Forty Five houses from each sub-
sector of G6 and G10 subsequently
will be selected randomly. Sample
will be taken in a glass bottle sun
light was tried to avoid.
Sampling:
Simple random sampling
Sample size:
Sample size is calculated
with Macorr Sample Size
Calculator. Available at
www.Macorr.com/ss_calcul
ator.htm.The sample of 360
was calculated of 8000
houses of sector G6 and G10
With 95% confidence level
and 5% error
Study site:
G6 and G10 sectors of
Islamabad
Study duration:
90 days
• Plan for data collection,
processing and analysis:
Samples have to be collected in a
glass bottle and avoid sun light
because of its effects on chlorine.
Level of chlorine should be
calculated through orth tolidine test
• Data Collection tool:
The principal investigator will
receive the data and he will enter
the data and analyze it.
• Data Entry:
Data will be enter by the researcher
using SPSS version16
• Plan of Analysis:
Descriptive statistics such as
means, standard deviations,
frequencies, rates, and ratios will
be calculated for different variables
•
• Data Security and Quality
Management
Pilot testing of questionnaire will be
carried out in another in union
council other then the union councils
of study area. Questionnaire will be
kept in lock in key with the
researcher. Field editing will be done
of questionnaire. Researcher will
make sure that the data is collected
properly by data collectors by
refilling the 5-10 questionnaires in
the field daily.
• ETHICAL
CONSIDERATION:
Prior approval of the study from
ethical review board of HEALTH
SERVICES ACADEMY will be
taken. Then written consent will be
taken from every household before
the collection of sample.
• Variables:
 Source
 Distance
 Distribution system
 Level of chlorine • Budget
• WORK PLAN: A Total amount of
One team will be formed Rs=51,670/Pkr is
for this purposes and this required
team will have three for total study.
members.
I will also take three
volunteers for this
purpose
 Of Chlorin

S# Task to be performe

Hiring of Personn