What

Whatare
areliquid
liquidcrystals
crystals??
Liquid crystals form from organic compounds and is thought of as the
Liquid crystals form from organic compounds and is thought of as the
phase of matter between the solid and liquid state of a crystal.
phase of matter between the solid and liquid state of a crystal.
 HISTORY OF LCD
• 1888:Friedrich Reinitzer discovers
the liquid crystalline nature of
cholesterol extracted from carrots.
• 1922:Georges Friedel describe the
structure and properties of liquid
crystals.
 HISTORY OF LCD
• 1964:George H.Heilmer was credited with
the invention of LCD.
• 1972:The first active matrix liquid crystal
display panel was produced in the United
states.
• 2008:LCD TVs get popularity in the
market according to Display Bank.
 What IS LCD?
• LCD is a thin,flat panel used for
elctronically displaying information.

• Made up of many number of pixels filled

with crystals.

• Its major features are its lightweight

construction, its portability.
 LCD CONSTRUCTION
Passive Matrix: (PMLCD)
Simple matrix type was used in the first stage of LCDs. In this
method, the transparent electrodes are set on X and Y axis.

There is not switching device.

Active Matrix:
(AMLCD)
A switching device and a
storage capacitor are
integrated at the each
cross point of the
electrodes
• Display Size is limited because the more rows, the shorter time
the on-voltage can be applied, resulting in poor contrast
ratio, narrow viewing angle, and fewer gray levels.

• Crosstalk occurs when neighboring pixel voltages affect each

other, reducing the gray scale, contrast, and viewing angle.

• Submarining occurs when slow-to-respond LC materials

cannot respond quickly enough and the picture can disappear
temporarily.

• One Solution: placing a switch at each pixel, such as a

transistor or diode --> pixel matrix becomes
“active.”
• Switching element at each
pixel. Individual pixels
isolated from each other.
Thin Film Transistors
most commonly used.
• Many passive display
problems eliminated:
• pixel isolation
eliminates crosstalk

• Larger displays can

be realized.
TFT LCD (Thin Flat
Transistor Liquid
Crystal Display)has
a sandwitch-like
structure with liquid
crystal filled between
two glass plates.
Conventional colour displays use a pixel arrangement
called RGB. In this arrangement, red, green and blue
pixels are arranged in equal proportion.
– at high pixel densities, RGB arrangement is
adequate,
– when the number of pixels is limited, the image
may appear fuzzy. To compensate for this, a
GRGB arrangement can be used
 TYPES OF LCD
• TRANSMISSIVE LCDS

• TRANSFLECTIVE LCDS

• REFLECTIVES LCDS
Transmissive LCDs
Transflective LCDs
Reflective LCDs
 Specification Of LCD Monitor
• RESOLUTION

• COLOR SUPPORT BRIGHTNESS

• VIEWABLE SIZE

• DOT PITCH

• CONTRST RATIO
Estimated Annual Energy Use for CRTs and
LCDs
 Advantages
• Slim profile

• Lighter and less bulky

• Does not suffer from glare in bright

rooms

• Much lower power consumption

than plasma or projection systems
• Limited colour resolution
• Lower contrast ratio
• Lower response time
• More expensive
• Narrower viewing angle
• Television and
digital television

• Computer
monitor

• LCD projector

• Aircraft
Instrumentation
display
• Digital clock

• Digital watches

• Digital signage

• Digital calculator
• Laptops were first
major market for
LCD technology;
Desktops now
shifting decisively
from CRTs to LCDs
• LCDs are often more
profitable for
manufacturers to
sell.CRT become a
commodity
• LCDs provide size,
weight, comfort,
clarity, and energy
advantages to
users. Even better
technologies
(OLEDs, others)
coming soon