Four stroke engine

project
(2009-2010)

TEAM WORK
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SUPERVISOR
/Prof.Dr

Four Stroke Engine

Basic 4 Cycle Theory

Intake Stroke

Compression Stroke

Power Stroke

Exhaust Stroke

Intake Stroke

Rotation of the crankshaft pulls the piston down.

At this time, the intake valve is opened, allowing
the piston to draw an air/fuel charge into the
combustion chamber. As the piston nears the
bottom of the stroke, the intake valve closes,
sealing the charge in the combustion chamber.

Compression Stroke

As the crankshaft rotation continues, the piston is pushed

up towards the top of the cylinder, compressing the air /fuel
mixture. In modern engines the 'compression ratio' is about
8 to 1, meaning the entire contents of the combustion
chamber is compressed into an area of about one eighth of
its original size. The older stationary engines had
compression ratios in the neighborhood of 4 or 5 to 1 .
Generally, the higher the compression ratio, the more power
is obtained from the engine, that is until poor quality and /or
low octane values of the fuel begins to have an adverse effect
on the combustion. This usually causes the fuel to "diesel"
or combust uncontrollably, sometimes called Detonation .

Power Stroke

Typically, just before the piston reaches its top most position (Top
Dead Center or TDC) , the ignition system ignites the now
compressed air/fuel charge. Though, in human terms, this burning
of the fuel seems more like an instantaneous explosion, it is actually,
in a properly running engine, a smooth, rapid flame front that
moves from the source of the ignition (spark plug, ignitor, etc.) to all
points within the combustion chamber. If the fuel is ignited from
several different points due to deposits in the combustion chamber,
poor quality fuel or engine problems, several flame fronts can be
generated and will collide with each other making what is heard as
the common "pinging" sound, sometimes called Preignition. The
pressure inside the cylinder increases dramatically because of the
combustion taking place and this pressure forces the piston down,
which causes the crankshaft to rotate providing usable power
output.

Exhaust Stroke

By the time the piston is forced most of the way

down the cylinder, nearly all of the usable energy
created from the burning fuel has been used. At
this point, the exhaust valve begins to open and as
the crankshaft rotation continues, the rising piston
forces the spent gases out of the cylinder and into
the exhaust system. Just prior to the piston
reaching TDC, the exhaust valve closes and
shortly thereafter, the intake valve reopens to start
the process over.

OTTO CYCLE

Otto cycle is the typical cycle for most of the

cars internal combustion engines, that work
using gasoline as a fuel. Otto cycle is exactly
the same one that was described for the fourstroke engine. It consists of the same four
major steps: Intake, compression, ignition and
exhaust.

PV diagram for Otto cycle

3
p

v=c

s=c

4
v=c

s=c
v

On the PV-diagram,
1-2 Isentropic Compression stroke .
2-3 Heat addition stroke .
3-4 Isentropic expansion process.
4-1 Heat rejection.
The distance between points 1-2 is the stroke of the
engine. By dividing V1/V2, we get: r=v1/v2
where r is called the compression ratio of the
engine. The efficiency is taken to be:

1
r(

K =

CP
CV

Components of 4-stroke engine

CYLINDER-1

The core of the engine is the cylinder, with the

piston moving up and down inside the
cylinder. The engine described above has one
cylinder.
CYLINDER is made
from gray cost iron.

CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT

In line.
V.
Flat.
Radial.

Inline -The cylinders are( A)

arranged in a line in a single
bank

V - The cylinders are( B)

arranged in two banks set at an
angle to one another

Flat - The cylinders are( C).

arranged in two banks on
opposite sides of the engine

Radial( D)

Valves -2

The intake and exhaust valves open at the

proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out
exhaust. Note that both valves are closed
during compression and combustion so that the
combustion chamber is sealed
VALAE is
made from
alloy steel.

ARRANGEMENT OF VALVES
1.

L-HEAD.

2.

I-HEAD.

3.

F-HEAD.

4.

T-HEAD.

L-HEAD

The intake and the exhaust valves are

both located on the same side of the
piston and cylinder.

I-HEAD

The intake and the exhaust valves are

both mounted in a cylinder head directly
above the cylinder.

F-HEAD
The intake valves are normally in the head,
while the exhaust valves are located in the
engine block

T-HEAD

The intake and the exhaust valves are

located on opposite sides of the cylinder
in the engine block, each requires their
own camshaft.

TIMING

Piston -3

A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that

moves up and down inside the cylinder.
The Piston is made from cost iron.

Piston rings -4

Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer

edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder .
The rings serve two purposes:
They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the
combustion chamber from leaking into the sump
during compression and combustion.
They keep oil in the sump from leaking into the
combustion area, where it would be burned and lost.
Most cars that "burn oil" and have to have a quart
added every 1,000 miles are burning it because the
engine is old and the rings no longer seal things
properly.

Compresssi)1(
on ring (plain
section)

Compresssi)2(
on ring(taper
faced)

Oil) 3(
control ring
steel rail

Connecting rod-4

The connecting rod connects the piston to the

crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its
angle can change as the piston moves and the
crankshaft rotates. The connecting rod is made
from forged steel or aluminum.

PISTON PIN-5

It is used to connect the piston with the

connecting rod.

-Spark plug 6

The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites

the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can
occur. The spark must happen at just the right
moment for things to work properly

-Crankshaft 7

The crankshaft turns the piston's up and down

motion into circular motion just like a crank on
a jack-in-the-box does.

Bearing is a device supporting a mechanical element and

providing its movement relatively to another element with
minimum power loss.
The rotating components of internal combustion engines are
equipped with sleeve type sliding bearings .
The reciprocating engines are characterized by cycling
loading of their parts including bearings . Such character of the
loads is a result of alternating pressure of combustion gases in
the cylinders.
Rolling bearings, in which a load is transmitted by rolls (balls)
to a relatively small area of the ring surface, can not withstand
under the loading conditions of internal combustion engines .
Only sliding bearings providing a distribution of the applied
load over a relatively wide area may work in internal
combustion engines.

The sliding bearings used in internal

combustion engines:

Main crankshaft bearings.

Connecting rod bearings.

Small end bushes .

Camshaft bearings .

1-Main crankshaft bearings.

Main crankshaft bearings support crankshaft providing its

rotation under inertia forces generated by the parts of the
shaft and oscillating forces transmitted by the connecting
rods. Main bearings are mounted in the crankcase. A main
bearing consists of two parts: upper and lower. The upper
part of a main bearing commonly has an oil groove on the
inner surface. A main bearing has a hole for passing oil to
the feed holes in the crankshaft. Some of main bearings may
have thrust bearing elements supporting axial loads and
preventing movements along the crankshaft axis. Main
bearings of such type are called flange main bearings.

2-Connecting rod bearings.

Connecting rod bearings provide rotating

motion of the crank pin within the connecting
rod, which transmits cycling loads applied to
the piston. Connecting rod bearings are
mounted in the Big end of the connecting rod .
A bearing consists of two parts (commonly
interchangeable(

3-Small end bushes

Small end bushes provide relative motion of

the piston relatively to the connecting rod
joined to the piston by the piston pin (gudgeon
pin). End bushes are mounted in the Small end
of the connecting rod. Small end bushes are
cycling loaded by the piston pushed by the
alternating pressure of the combustion gases .

Camshaft bearings .-4

Camshaft bearings support camshaft and

provide its rotation

Team work