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Solution
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
NaCl ( s ) H 2O Na ( aq ) Cl ( aq )
These ions are not the result of a chemical reaction, they
are the result of a dissociation of the molecule into ions
that compose the solid.
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
HCl H 2O H 3O Cl
Chapter 5
CH 3CO2 H H 2O CH 3CO2 H 3O
Chapter 5
CH 3CO2 H H 2O CH 3CO2 H 3O
Notice that the arrow in this reaction has two heads,
this indicates that two opposing reactions are
occurring simultaneously.
Chapter 5
CH 3CO2 H H 2O CH 3CO2 H 3O
and
CH 3CO2 H 3O CH 3CO2 H H 2O
Chapter 5
10
Chapter 5
11
Chapter 5
12
Precipitation Reaction
Chapter 5
13
Precipitation Reaction
- A reaction which forms a solid (precipitate)
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
- AgCl is classified as an insoluble substance
Chapter 5
14
Precipitation Reaction
Net Ionic Equation
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
- AgNO3 and NaNO3 are electrolytes in solution so they
actually occur as free ions.
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
Chapter 5
15
Precipitation Reaction
Net Ionic Equation
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
- Notice that NO3-(aq) and Na+(aq) occur in both the left
and right side of the equation.
-These are called spectator ions.
Chapter 5
16
Precipitation Reaction
Net Ionic Equation
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
- With the spectator ions removed, the resulting
equation shows only the ions involved in the reaction
remain.
- This is a net ionic equation.
Chapter 5
17
Chapter 5
18
Chapter 5
19
Insoluble
AgCH3CO2
(NH4)3PO4
KClO4
Chapter 5
20
Insoluble
AgCH3CO2
Soluble
(NH4)3PO4
KClO4
Chapter 5
21
Insoluble
AgCH3CO2
Soluble
(NH4)3PO4
Soluble
KClO4
Chapter 5
22
Insoluble
AgCH3CO2
Soluble
(NH4)3PO4
Soluble
KClO4
Soluble
23
Chapter 5
24
Chapter 5
25
26
H+ + SO42-
Chapter 5
27
Chapter 5
28
Examples:
ammonia
sodium hydroxide
Chapter 5
NH3
NaOH
29
Chapter 5
30
Chapter 5
31
32
HCl
HBr
HI
HNO3
HClO4
H2SO4
Chapter 5
33
Chapter 5
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
34
Chapter 5
35
Chapter 5
36
Chapter 5
37
Gas-Forming Reactions
Metal Carbonates and Acid
2 HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) +
CO2(g)
- Metal carbonates (or bicarbonates) always form a salt,
water and carbon dioxide
Chapter 5
38
Gas-Forming Reactions
Metal Sulfide and Acid
2 HCl(aq) + Na2S(s) H2S(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Metal sulfides form a salt and hydrogen sulfide.
Chapter 5
39
Gas-Forming Reactions
Metal Sulfite and Acid
2 HCl(aq) + Na2SO3(s) SO2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq) +
H2O(l)
- Metal sulfites form a salt, sulfur dioxide and water.
Chapter 5
40
Gas-Forming Reactions
Ammonium Salt and Strong Base
NH4Cl(s) + NaOH(aq) NH3(g) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
- This reaction forms ammonia, salt and water
Chapter 5
41
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Reaction where electrons are exchanged.
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Na(s) Na+(aq) + 1 eoxidation loss of electrons
2 H+(g) + 2 e- H2(g)
reduction gain of electrons
Chapter 5
42
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Reaction where electrons are exchanged.
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
- An alternate approach is to describe how one reagent
effects another.
- Reducing Agent, a substance that causes another substance
to be reduced.
Na(s) Na+(aq) + 1 e- Oxidizing Agent, a substance that causes another substnace
to be oxidized.
2 H+(g) + 2 e- H2(g)
Chapter 5
43
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
1. Each atom of a pure element has an oxidation number of
zero(0).
2. For monatomic ions, the oxidation number equals the charge
on the ion.
3. Fluorine always has an oxidation state of -1 in compounds.
4. Cl, Br, and I always have oxidation numbers of -1, except when
combined with oxygen or fluorine.
5. The oxidation number of H is +1 (exception in binary
compounds of metal-hidrogen, LiH, NaH, CaH2 -1) and O is
-2 in most compounds (exception in H2O2 and O22- -1).
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers must equal the charge on
the molecule or ion.
Chapter 5
44
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Examples
PCl5
P 1( ) =
Cl 5( ) = ________
0
Chapter 5
45
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Example
PCl5
P 1( ? ) =
?
Cl 5(-1) = __-5____
0
Chapter 5
46
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Example
PCl5
P 1(+5) = +5
Cl 5(-1) = __-5____
0
Chapter 5
47
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Example
CO32C 1( ) =
O 3( ) = _____
-2
Chapter 5
48
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Example
CO32C 1(?) =
?
O 3(-2) = __-6__
-2
Chapter 5
49
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Example
CO32C 1(+4) = +4
O 3(-2) = __-6__
-2
Chapter 5
50
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Example
K2CrO4
K 2( ) =
O 4( ) =
Cr 1( ) = ________
0
Chapter 5
51
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Example
K2CrO4
K 2(+1) =
+2
O 4(-2) =
-8
Cr 1( ? ) = ___?____
0
Chapter 5
52
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Example
K2CrO4
K 2(+1) =
+2
O 4(-2) =
-8
Cr 1(+6) = ___+6__
0
Chapter 5
53
Chapter 5
54
Chapter 5
55
a. Hydrogen displacement
b. Metal displacement
c. Halogen displacement
Chapter 5
56
Chapter 5
57
Chapter 5
58
Chapter 5
59
Chapter 5
60
Concentration of Solution
Molarity(M)
Moles of solute
Molarity
Liters of solution
Chapter 5
61
Solutions
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which contains
17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?
F.W. (NaCl): 58.45g/mol
17.51g
moles NaCl
58.45g / mol
Chapter 5
62
Solutions
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which
contains 17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?
F.W. (NaCl): 58.45g/mol
17.51g
moles NaCl
0.2996 mol
58.45g / mol
Chapter 5
63
Solutions
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which
contains 17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?
F.W. (NaCl): 58.45g/mol
17.51g
moles NaCl
0.2996 mol
58.45g / mol
Solution volume
1L
Liters of solution 751mL
1000mL
Chapter 5
64
Solutions
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which
contains 17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?
F.W. (NaCl): 58.45g/mol
17.51g
moles NaCl
0.2996 mol
58.45g / mol
Solution volume
1L
Liters of solution 751mL
0.751L
1000mL
Chapter 5
65
Solutions
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which
contains 17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?
Moles of solute
Molarity
Liters of solution
Chapter 5
66
Solutions
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which
contains 17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?
0.2996 mol
molarity
0.751 L
Chapter 5
67
Solutions
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which
contains 17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?
0.2996 mol
molarity
0.751 L
0.399 M
Chapter 5
68
Solutions
Molarity
Chapter 5
69
Solutions
Chapter 5
70
Solutions
Dilution
Chapter 5
71
Solutions
Dilution
Example: What volume of 6.00M NaOH is required to
make 500mL of 0.100M NaOH?
Mconcentrated = 6.00M
Vconcentrated = ?
Mdilute = 0.100M
Vdilute = 500mL
0.100M(500mL) = 6.00M(Vconcentrated)
Vconcentrated = 8.33mL
Chapter 5
72
Chapter 5
73
pH Scale
Concentration scale for acids and bases.
pH log[ H ]
The square brackets around the H+ indicate that
the concentration of H+ is in molarity.
So, a change of 1 pH unit indicates a 10X change in
H+ concentration.
[ H ] 10 pH
Chapter 5
74
Solution Stoichiometry
- We can now use molarity to determine stoichiometric
quantities.
Example
How many grams of hydrogen gas are produced when
20.0 mL of 1.75M HCl is allowed to react with 15.0g of
sodium metal?
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
Chapter 5
75
Solution Stoichiometry
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Convert quantities to moles
moles HCl 1.75M 0.0200 L
moles Na
15.0 g
23.0 g / mol
Chapter 5
76
Solution Stoichiometry
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Convert quantities to moles
moles HCl 1.75M 0.0200 L 0.0350 mol
moles Na
15.0 g
0.652 mol
23.0 g / mol
Chapter 5
77
Solution Stoichiometry
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Convert quantities to moles
moles HCl 1.75M 0.0200 L 0.0350 mol
15.0 g
moles Na
0.652 mol
23.0 g / mol
2
0.652
Na
HCl
Chapter 5
78
Solution Stoichiometry
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Convert quantities to moles
moles HCl 1.75M 0.0200 L 0.0350 mol
15.0 g
moles Na
0.652 mol
23.0 g / mol
HCl
Chapter 5
79
Solution Stoichiometry
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Calculate moles of H2
1H2
x
Chapter 5
80
Solution Stoichiometry
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Calculate moles of H2
1H2
x
Chapter 5
81
Solution Stoichiometry
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Calculate moles of H2
1H2
x
- Calculate grams of H2
Chapter 5
82
Solution Stoichiometry
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Calculate moles of H2
1H2
x
- Calculate grams of H2
Chapter 5
83
Solution Stoichiometry
Gravimetric Analysis
Chapter 5
84
Solution Stoichiometry
Gravimetric Analysis
Chapter 5
85
Solution Stoichiometry
Acid Base Titrations
Chapter 5
86
Solution Stoichiometry
Acid Base Titrations
Chapter 5
87
Solution Stoichiometry
Acid Base Titrations
Chapter 5
88
Practice Problems
4,10, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 38, 44, 60, 62, 68
Chapter 5
89