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Vision
Vision In 1975
A computer
on every desk
and in every
home

Vision Today

Empower
people
through
great
software
any
time,
any
place and on any
device

Session Objectives
What is mean by Computer?
Evolution of Computers
Characteristics or Advantages of computers
Difference between Computer and Calculator?
To learn about the architecture of computers
Discuss the Disadvantages of the Computer
To become familiar with your computing
environment

Definition :
A computer is an electronic device, operating
under the control of instructions (software) stored in its
own memory unit, that can accept data (input) from the
user, manipulate data (process), and display information
(output) from the processing.
Generally, the term is used to describe a collection
of devices that function together as a system.
Electronic
information
(includes storage & retrieval).

processing

device.

Simply Defined as ,
Computer is an Electronic device used to store,
retrieve and manipulate the data

Computer programs
Sets of instructions for which computer processes
data

For Saving Time

For Storing Information for future use
For giving Accurate Results
For working continuously with same perfection
For doing variety of jobs at the same time
Performs computations and makes logical decisions
For producing Results in a printed form

Why Is A Computer So Powerful?

The ability to perform the information

processing cycle with amazing speed
Reliability (low failure rate)
Accuracy
Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information
Ability to communicate with other
computers

Charless Babbage is considered to be the FATHER

Of Modern Digital Computer
He was designed a Difference Engine in the year
1822 and came out with his new idea of Analytical
Engine in the year 1842 that was intended to be fully
automatic.

Devices that comprise a computer system

Monitor
(output)

Speaker
(output)

System unit
(processor,
memory)

Printer
(output)

Storage
devices

Scanner
(input)

Keyboard
(input)

Mouse (input)

(CD-RW,
Floppy,
Hard
disk,
zip,)

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Speed ( Millions / billions times faster

than human beings)
Accuracy
Dilligence
Versatility
Storage Capacity
Flexibility
No Feelings

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Computer receives information as input from the

user and process it in a computer understandable form
with the help of CPU
After processing the information, it gives the desired
result as output in the user understandable form

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CPU
MEMORY
UNIT

low
F
ata
D
ol
r
t

o n ons
C
i
---> truct
I ns

ARITHMETIC
AND LOGIC
UNIT (ALU)

INPUT
UNIT

CONTROL
UNIT

CPU

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

OUTPUT
UNIT

Components of Computer
Six logical units of computer system

Input unit
-

Mouse, keyboard,Scanner

Output unit
-

Printer, monitor, audio speakers

Memory unit
Retains input and processed
information

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Components of Computer

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Six logical units of computer system

Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)

-

Performs calculations

Control unit (CPU)

-

Supervises operation of other devices

Secondary storage unit

-

Hard Disk drives, floppy drives

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What Does A Computer Do?

Computers can perform four general

operations, which comprise the information
processing cycle.

Input
Process
Output
Storage

Uses of Computers

Software Concern
Govt & Private
Offices

Banks

Department Stores

Electricity Bills

Ticket booking

Computerized Games

Movies

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Disadvantages of Computers
No thinking Power. That means not
capable of taking independent decisions
Regular Maintenance is required

Virus (Vital Information Resources

Under Siedge )

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Session Objectives
Discuss Components of a Computer
Explaining Input and Output Devices
- Discuss about Hardware & Software
Discuss about the following
- Keyboard,Mouse
- Printer,Monitor
- CPU,Microprocessor

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A Computer
Monitor
Display/Screen

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CD Drive

Speaker

Printer

Floppy Drive
Console
Unit

Keyboard

Mouse

Joystick

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Components of a Computer System

Hardware
Physical devices of
computer system

Software
Programs that run on
computers

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Hardware Input Devices

Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner

The Keyboard

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The most commonly used input device is the

keyboard on which data is entered by manually
keying in or typing certain keys. A keyboard
typically has 101 or 108 keys

The Mouse

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Is a pointing device which is used to control the

movement of a mouse pointer on the screen to make
selections from the screen. A mouse has one to five
buttons. The bottom of the mouse is flat and contains a
mechanism that detects movement of the mouse.

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Hardware Output Devices

Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
LCD
Speakers

Output Devices

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Output devices make the information resulting

from the processing available for use. The two output
devices more commonly used are the printer and the
computer screen.

The printer produces a hard copy of your output,

and the computer screen produces a soft copy of your
output

Output Devices
Liquid
Crystal
Display
Thinner and
Lighter monitors
Require less power
than CRT monitors

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Central Processing Unit [ CPU ]

Central Processing Unit
Memory Unit
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Control Unit

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The central processing unit (CPU) contains

electronic circuits that cause processing to occur. The
CPU interprets instructions to the computer, performs
the logical and arithmetic processing operations, and
causes the input and output operations to occur. It is
considered the brain of the computer

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1. CPU & Peripheral Devices

(Brain, Capacity, speed, store)
2. Named on model : 80286,
80386, 80486, Pentium,
Pentium II to PIV (HEX in
future?)
3. Clock Speed: 30-400 MHZ/sec.
4. Math Co-Processor

Inside the CPU

Microprocessor
Bus
Expansion
slots
Memory

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Microprocessor
Performs numerical computations
Logical comparisons
Transfers data, addresses and control
signals using buses

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MEMORY
MEMORY
To store the
Data
Instruction
Intermediate and final results

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Software is a large collection of several sets

of instructions called computer programs
Program : Is a set of instructions to computer.
Ex: Game, Ms-Word, Ms-Excel,

Data : Information created by user Ex : letter

typed. Program is like typewriter and Data is
the Letter typed by it.
Both are stored separately on the hard disk

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Categories of Software

Application
Software

System
Software

General Purpose
Software

Systems Software
Controls & Supports
Computer System

Also known as
Operating Systems

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General Purpose Software

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Provides framework for Business Applications

Scientific Applications
Personal Purposes
Examples Electronic Spreadsheets
Database Software
CAD
Word processing
Presentation Graphics

Application Software

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Specifically written to suit the needs of an organization

Tailor made & customized to requirements
Examples
Payroll Process
Account Maintenance
Inventory management

Difference Between Hardware and Software

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Hardware
It is the physical unit of the computer

Software
It is a collection of programs to bring the
hardware system into operation

It is the heat of the computer

It is the brain of the computer

It has permanent structure and cannot be

It has no permanent structure. So, it can

altered

be altered and reused

It is normally affected by agents like dust,

It is normally affected by agents like virus

heat, humidity etc.,

It works with binary code, the presence or

It is represented by the higher level

absence of pulses as 1s or 0s

languages such as C,C++,VB etc.,

It can be touched and felt

It cannot be touched and felt

Keyboard,Mouse,CD-ROM,CPU,Monitor

Operating System,Ms-Office,Anti-Virus,

are Some Examples

Visual basic are Some Examples

Data and Information

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Data is a collection of raw facts, figures and symbols,

such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given
to the computer during the input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information.
Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and
useful.
The information can also be put in computer storage for
future use

Users / Computers

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Users provide
the input (Data) to the
computer

Users make use

of the outputs
generated by the
computer

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PROGRAMS
Applications & Operating Systems

Operating Systems

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Manager to computer (interface)

Text Based : ex. DOS(Disk Operating System),
UNIX etc.,
Graphic User Interface (GUI) : ex. Windows,
LINUX etc.,

Operating System

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Optimizes man-machine capabilities

Integrated system of programs
Supervises operations of CPU
Controls Input/Output
Designed to suit particular

computer

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How Does a Computer Know what to do?

It must be given a detailed list of instructions, called a

compute program or software, that tells it exactly what to
do.
Before processing a specific job, the computer program
corresponding to that job must be stored in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory the compute can
start the operation by executing the program instructions
one after the other.

Computer Start up - P O ST

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Executes a number of instructions to check the CPU

performance
Checks that the ROM is not corrupted or damaged
Writes to and reads from every memory location
available in RAM
Uses the input and output device drivers to
check for and initialize all available I/O devices
including keyboard, video, sound and disk
drives

User Programs/Applications

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Word Processor - MS Word,Wordpad

Spread Sheet - MS Excel, Lotus 123
Database - MS Access, SQL Server
Graphics - MS Paint,Photoshop,Flash
Entertainment - Games,Video, Music
Informational - Educational software
Customized Programs - Airlines, Business

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Primary Memory
Often called RAM (Random Access
Memory)
Information while you work on it
(like food while you eat it)
Usually temporary (easily lost)

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Secondary Memory
Auxiliary storage devices are used to store
data when they are not being used in memory. The
most common types of auxiliary storage used on
personal computers are floppy disks, hard disks and
CD-ROM drives

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Information stored away for use later on

(like food in the refrigerator)
Usually long-term (safer)
May be stored on disks, CDs. DVDs, or
flash drives

Hard Disk Drive

Main disk for most computers
Holds Windows, software, and
most data
Usually dont see it because its
inside computer
Storage capacities range from 10
GB to 250 GB (one billion bytes
are called a gigabyte)

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Floppy Disk Drive

It Holds 1.44
Megabytes
1,440,000 Bytes
Feels hard
Floppy part inside cover
Almost obsolete

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CD-ROM

Compact Disc Read Only Memory

Uses optical (laser) technology
instead of magnetic
Holds large amount of data
Same technology as a music
disk.
Not available on library
computers

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A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a flat

round, portable storage medium that is usually 4.75 inch in
diameter.
A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that
used the same laser technology as audio CDs for recording
music. In addition it can contain other types of data such
as text, graphics, and video.
The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data.

Flash Drive
Most recent widely used storage system
Very portable, often worn like jewelry
128-512 Mega byte (MB) ,1 GigaByte (GB)
and 2Gigabytes are most common sizes

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A single text character

1 byte

A typical text word

10 bytes

A typewritten page

2 kilobytes (KBs)

A short novel

1 megabyte (MB )

A high-resolution photograph

2 megabytes

The complete works of Shakespeare

5 megabytes

The complete works of Beethoven

20 gigabytes

50,000 trees made into paper and printed

1 terabyte ( TB )

An academic research library

2 terabytes

All U.S. academic research libraries

2 petabytes

All hard disk capacity developed in 1995

20 petabytes

All printed material in the world

200 petabytes

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