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Personality is the dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by an individual that
uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations and behaviors in various situations.
Conscious forces - ideas and sensations of which we are aware. It operates on the surface of
personality and plays a relatively small role in human personality.
Preconscious forces - contains those experiences that are unconscious but that could become
conscious with little effort.
Unconscious forces - operates on the deepest level of personality. Experiences and memories of
which we are not aware.
mental states remain out of awareness because making them conscious would create tremendous
pain and anxiety for us.
Oral Stage
0-18 monthsinfant receives satisfaction through
sucking, eating, biting, etc. Erogenous zone is the
mouth.
Overindulgentgullible, dependent, and passive
Underindulgentaggressive, sadistic person
Oral fixated adults orient their life around their mouth
by overeating, alcoholism, smoking, talking too much
Oral stage - first pregenital stage of psychosexual development, in which primary gratifications
center around the mouth.
oral aggressive - an individual who becomes fixated because of underindulgence during
feeding.
oral aggressive character - as an adult, this person is characterized by envy, manipulation
of others, and suspiciousness.
oral receptive - an individual who becomes fixated because of overindulgence during feeding.
oral receptive character - as an adult, this person is characterized by gullibility, admiration
for others, and excessive dependence.
Anal Stage
18 months-3 yearsthe child receives satisfaction by
having and retaining bowel movements. Erogenous
zone is the anus.
Fixation results in retentive or explosive personality
Anal-retentivehighly controlled, compulsively neat
Anal-explosivemessy, disorderly, rebellious, and
destructive
Anal stage - second pregenital stage of psychosexual development, in which primary gratification
centers around the anal cavity.
anal character - child is locked in a power struggle for control with parents; if parents are too
harsh and demanding, child may develop traits of defiance, obstinacy, and stinginess.
Phallic Stage
3-6 yearscenter of pleasure is the genitals, typically a
time of exploration of pleasure through masturbation
and playing doctor
Child resolves the Oedipus Complex(the period of
conflict during the phallic stage when children are
sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent and hostile
toward the same-sex parent
Castration anxiety in males and penis envy in girls
Phallic stage - third pregenital stage of psychosexual development, in which main gratifications are
derived from manipulation of the genitals.
phallic character - an individual fixated at the phallic stage who, later in life, needs to prove
continually his or her sexual adequacy.
Latency Stage
Age 6 to pubertychildren repress sexual thoughts and
engage in nonsexual activities such as developing social
and intellectual skills
Task is to develop successful interactions with same-sex
peers and refine appropriate gender roles
Genital Stage
Adolescence ongenitals are again the erogenous
zones.
Individual seeks to fulfill his or her sexual desires
through emotional attachment to members of the
opposite sex.
Unsuccessful outcomes lead to sexual relationships
based on lustful desires rather than respect and
commitment.
Latency stage - period during which libidinal energy lies dormant and the primary focus is on the
development of interests and skills through contact with childhood peers and teachers.
Genital stage - final stage of psychosexual development, in which an attempt is made to conduct a
mature love relationship with a member of the opposite sex.
genital character - a mature, healthy individual who is sexually developed and capable of
relating to members of the other sex.
Free association - technique in which the therapist encourages patients to report, without
restriction, any thoughts that occur to them.
Dream analysis - procedure used to probe the unconscious through interpretation of the patients
dreams.
Transference - feelings presumed to have originally directed toward the parent(s) are now directed
toward the therapist.
CHAPTER3
JUNG'SANALYTICALPSYCHOLOGY
Analytical Psychology
A depth psychology that emphasizes the complex interplay between oppositional forces within the
psyche and the ways in which these internal conflicts affect personality development.
Psyche
Psyche (cont.)
Libido - general life process energy (encompasses not only the sexual, but the creative and
spiritual).
Operation of the psyche
principle of opposites - idea that the energy that propels personality and behavior is
derived from the interplay between opposite forces within the psyche.
principle of equivalence - idea that energy expended in one part of the psyche will be
compensated for by an equal amount of energy in the same or different form in another
part of the psyche.
principle of entropy - idea that energy is automatically redistributed in the psyche in order
to achieve equilibrium.
Psyche (cont.)
Psyche (cont.)
archetypes - universal themes or symbols that can be activated by forces operating in the psyche.
persona - role human beings play in order to meet the demands of others.
shadow - inferior, evil, and repulsive side of human nature.
anima - feminine archetype in men, including both positive and negative characteristics of the
transpersonal female.
Fundamental attitudes
extraversion - characterized by an outgoing and relatively confident approach to life.
introversion - characterized by a retiring and reflective approach to life.
Functions
rational - modes of making judgments or evaluations of events in the world. (thinking and
feeling)
irrational - Modes of apprehending the world without evaluating it. (sensation and intuition)
introverted feeling type - characterized positively by intense feelings of sympathy for others
who have experienced misfortune and negatively by shyness and inaccessibility.
extraverted sensing type - characterized positively by an appreciation for the arts and
negatively by crude pleasure seeking.
introverted sensing type - characterized positively by the intensity of subjective sensations
and negatively by oversensitivity and obtuseness.
extraverted intuitive type - characterized positively by a quick grasp of the creative
possibilities in various ventures and negatively by impatience and flightiness.
introverted intuitive type - characterized positively by the ability to envision the future and
negatively by an inability to communicate effectively with others.
Personality Development
Dream Analysis - means of resolving current problems and pointing to directions for healthy
development.
Method of Amplification - technique in which the patient and analyst continue to reassess and
reinterpret the same symbols in an attempt to broaden their understanding of them.
Word Association Test - patients are presented with stimulus words and asked to give responses
to them. Greater time latencies in responding are assumed to reflect the existence of underlying
complexes.
Painting Therapy - technique used to help patients clarify the various symbols seen in their dreams
and increase their understanding of themselves.