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1. Definition
Transpiration is the evaporation of water
from the aerial parts of plants.
Of all the water plant absorbs, over 95-99%
is transpired to the air as water vapor.
Water (H2O)
Stomatal transpiration
Cuticle
Prevents
water loss
Mesophyll
Site of
photosynthesis
Cuticle
Stomata
Openings allow gases
and water to move in
and out of leaf
Guard cells
Open and close
the stomata
Importance of transpiration
Guard Cells
What
goes
O2
out?
Photosynthesis
What
goes
in?
Stoma
What process
involves
Guard Cells
using CO2 and H2O
releasing O2 as a waste
H2O
product?
CO2
Stoma Open
Function of Stomata
These stomata (leaf
openings) naturally allow
water to evaporate out.
Why would the plant close
stomata with guard cells?
Prevent excess water loss
throughStoma
transpiration.
Open
(conserve water)
So what is the point of having
stomata?
Allows gas exchange for
photosynthesis
Guard Cells
Stoma Closed
How do the
guard cells react
to the availability
of water?
Dry guard
cells CLOSE
lots of H2O
guard cells
OPEN
http://www.ualr.edu/~botany/images.html
4. Guard cells:
cells that open and
close the stoma
5. Stomata: openings in
leafs surface; when
open:
GAS EXCHANGE:
Allows CO2 in & O2 out
of leaf
TRANSPIRATION:
PM
Mal
H+
light
Cl
Cl-
Light
Temp.
CO2
Water content
Plant hormone
(1). Light
Stomata of most plant open in the day and
close at night, while CAM plants are just
the opposite.
Stomata opening are sensitive to red light
and blue light, and blue light is more
effective, it stimulates opening by a bluelight receptor: zeaxanthin.
(2) Temperature
Stomatal aperture increase with Temp,
within 20- 30 (the optimal).
(3). CO2
Low CO2 conc. promotes stomatal opening,
while high CO2 conc. inhibits stomatal
opening through its acidification of the
guard cell thus inhibits PM
hyperpolarization.
=
stomatal resistance + boundary layer resistance
2. Temperature
Plants transpire more rapidly at higher
temperatures because water evaporates
more rapidly as the temperature rises.
3. Humidity
When the surrounding air is dry, diffusion
of water out of the leaf goes on more
rapidly.
4. Wind
When a breeze is present, the humid air is
carried away and replaced by drier air.
5. Soil water
A plant cannot continue to transpire rapidly if its
water loss is not made up by replacement from
the soil. When absorption of water by the roots
fails to keep up with the rate of transpiration,
loss of turgor occurs, and the stomata close.
This immediately reduces the rate of
transpiration. If the loss of turgor extends to the
rest of the leaf and stem, the plant wilts.
Radially oriented
cellulose microfibrils
Cell
wall
Vacuole
Guard cell
Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing
(surface view)