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Radio Receivers
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ADNU ECEM416
Outline
Introduction
Receiver types
Superheterodyne Receiver
AM Receiver
FM Receiver
TV Receiver
Software-Defined Radio(SDR)
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ADNU ECEM416
Introduction
Receivers
Functions:
ADNU ECEM416
Introduction
Characteristics:
Selectivity: Q and Bandwidth
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ADNU ECEM416
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ADNU ECEM416
Introduction
Characteristics:
Selectivity: Shape Factor
Skirts sides of a tuned circuit
response
Steepness of the skirt or skirt
selectivity
Expressed as the shape factor
Lower shape
higher
sensitivity
SF =factor
Shape
factor
(unitless)
B 60 dB
B(-60 dB) = bandwidth 60 dB below
SF
B 3dB
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ADNU ECEM416
Introduction
Characteristics:
Sensitivity
ADNU ECEM416
Receiver Types
Simplest Radio Receiver
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ADNU ECEM416
Receiver Types
Tuned Radio-Frequency(TRF)
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ADNU ECEM416
Receiver Types
Tuned Radio-Frequency(TRF)
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ADNU ECEM416
Receiver Types
Tuned Radio-Frequency(TRF)
Simple receiver
2 or 3 RF amplifier, all tuning together, are
used to improved the sensitivity.
Greater the number of tuned circuits, the
narrower the bandwidth and steeper the
skirts
Disadvantages:
ADNU ECEM416
Receiver Types
Superheterodyne receiver
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ADNU ECEM416
Receiver Types
Superheterodyne receiver
convert all incoming signals to a lower
frequency, known as the intermediate
frequency (IF), at which a single set of
amplifiers is used to provide a fixed level of
sensitivity and selectivity.
Gain and selectivity are obtained in the IF
amplifiers.
The key circuit is the mixer, which acts like
a simple amplitude modulator to produce
sum and difference frequencies.
The incoming signal is mixed with a local
oscillator signal.
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Main sections:
RF stage
Mixer and Local oscillator
IF Amplifier
Detector/Demodulator
Automatic Gain Control
Audio Amplifier
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
RF Amplifier
ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
RF Amplifier
Advantage:
Better sensitivity
Improved image frequency rejection
Improved signal-to-noise ratio
Improved rejection of adjacent
unwanted signals
Rejection of spurious signals
Minimize the oscillator radiation
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Mixer and Local Oscillator
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Mixer: How it Works
Frequency conversion
the process of translating a modulated
signal to a higher or lower frequency
while retaining all the originally
transmitted information.
form of amplitude modulation carried
out by a mixer circuit or converter.
In radio receivers, high-frequency signals
are converted to a lower, intermediate
frequency.
This
is
called
down
conversion.
The function performed by the mixer is
called heterodyning.
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Mixer: How it Works
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Mixer: How it Works
Types of Mixers:
Diode Mixers
Doubly Balanced Mixer
FET Mixers
IC Mixers
Image Reject Mixer
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
IF Amplifier
ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
IF Amplifier
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
IF Amplifier: CoupledReceiver
Circuit Selectivity
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Intermediate Frequency and Images
Image
Potentially interfering RF signal that is
spaced from the desired incoming
signal by a frequency 2 times the
intermediate frequency above or below
the incoming frequency
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Intermediate Frequency and Images
The primary objective in the design of an
IF stage is to obtain good selectivity.
Narrow-band selectivity is best obtained at
lower frequencies.
At low frequencies, circuits are more
stable with high gain.
At low frequencies, image interference is
possible.
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Intermediate Frequency and Images
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Intermediate Frequency and Images
To eliminate the image:
The IF is made as high as possible for
effective elimination of the image
problem, yet low enough to prevent
design problems.
Using Dual-conversion that has two
mixer, two oscillator and two IF.
Using Direct Conversion, not using a IF
filter.
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Demodulators/Detectors
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ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Automatic Gain Control
ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Automatic Gain Control:
Controlling Circuit Gain
ADNU ECEM416
Superheterodyne
Receiver
Automatic Gain Control:
Controlling Circuit Gain
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ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
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ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
Demodulation
Diode Detector
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ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
Diode Detector
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ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
Diode Detector: How it Works
On positive alternations of the AM signal,
the capacitor charges quickly to the peak
value of pulses passed by the diode.
When the pulse voltage drops to zero, the
capacitor discharges into the resistor.
The time constant of the capacitor and
resistor is long compared to the period of
the carrier.
The capacitor discharges only slightly
when the diode is not conducting.
The resulting waveform across the
capacitor is a close approximation to the
original modulating
signal.
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ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
Demodulation
Diode Detector
Advantages:
Handle relatively high power signals.
Distortion levels are acceptable for
most AM applications. It decreases as
the amplitude increases.
Highly efficient.
Develop a readily usable dc voltage for
AGC circuits.
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ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
Demodulation
Diode Detector
Disadvantage:
Power is absorbed from the tuned
circuit by the diode circuit that reduces
the Q and selectivity of the tuned input
circuit.
No amplification occur.
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ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
Demodulation
Synchronous Detectors
Use an internal clock signal at the carrier
frequency in the receiver to switch the
AM signal off and on, producing
rectification similar to that in standard
detector.
Synchronous detectors or coherent
detectors have less distortion and a
better signal-to-noise ratio than standard
diode detectors.
The signal producing the switching
action should be perfectly in phase with
the received AMjjcb
carrier
ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
Synchronous Detectors
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ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
SSB Demodulation
To recover the intelligence in a DSB or
SSB signal, the carrier that was
suppressed at the receiver must be
reinserted.
A product detector is a balanced
modulator used in a receiver to recover
the modulating signal.
Any balanced modulator can be used as
a product detector to demodulate SSB
signals.
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ADNU ECEM416
AM Receiver
SSB Demodulation
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FM Receiver
Limiter
A circuit whose output is a constant
amplitude for all inputs above a critical
value.
Remove any unwanted amplitude
modulation and amplitude variation
due to noise.
Provides AGC action because it
provides constant input level to the
detector.
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
Limiter
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
FM discriminator/detector
Slope Detector
Simplest frequency demodulator.
Makes use of a tuned circuit and a
diode detector to convert frequency
variations to voltage variations.
The main difficulty with slope detectors
lies in tuning them.
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
Slope Detector
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
Pulse-Averaging Discriminators
A pulse-averaging discriminator uses a
zero crossing detector, a one shot
multivibrator and a low-pass filter in
order
to
recover
the
original
modulating signal.
The pulse-averaging discriminator is a
very
high-quality
frequency
demodulator.
Originally this discriminator was limited
to expensive telemetry and industrial
control applications.
With availability of low-cost ICs, this
discriminator is used in many electronic
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products.
ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
Pulse-Averaging Discriminators
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
FM discriminator/detector
Quadrature Detectors
The quadrature detector is probably
the single most widely used FM
demodulator.
The quadrature detector is primarily
used in TV demodulation.
This detector is used in some FM radio
stations.
The quadrature detector uses a phaseshift circuit to produce a phase shift of
90 degrees at the unmodulated carrier
frequency.
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
Quadrature Detectors
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
FM discriminator/detector
Phase-Locked Loops
A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a
frequency- or phase-sensitive feedback
control circuit used in frequency
demodulation, frequency synthesizers,
and various filtering and signaldetection applications. PLLs have three
basic elements. They are:
1. Phase detector
2. Low-pass filter
3. Voltage-controlled oscillator
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
Phase-Locked Loops
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
Phase-Locked Loops
The primary job of the phase detector
is to compare the two input signals and
generate an output signal that, when
filtered, will control the VCO.
If there is a phase or frequency
difference between the FM input and
VCO signals, the phase detector output
varies in proportion to the difference.
The filtered output adjusts the VCO
frequency in an attempt to correct for
the original frequency or phase
difference.
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
Phase-Locked Loops
This dc control voltage, called the error
signal, is also the feedback in this
circuit.
When no input signal is applied, the
phase detector and low-pass filter
outputs are zero.
The VCO then operates at what is
called the free-running frequency, its
normal
operating
frequency
as
determined by internal frequencydetermining components.
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ADNU ECEM416
FM Receiver
Phase-Locked Loops
This dc control voltage, called the error
signal, is also the feedback in this
circuit.
When no input signal is applied, the
phase detector and low-pass filter
outputs are zero.
The VCO then operates at what is
called the free-running frequency, its
normal
operating
frequency
as
determined by internal frequencydetermining components.
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
Background:
Maximum modulating rate for video
signal is 4MHz
Allowable bandwidth per radio station
is 6MHz.
The lower sideband extends to
1.25MHz.
The upper sideband is transmitted in
full.
Vestigial-sideband operation
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
Background:
Lower VHF Band
Channel
Lowest
Freq.
(Mhz)
Channel
Lowest
Freq.
(Mhz)
Channel
Lowest
Freq.
(Mhz)
54
174
14
470
60
180
24
530
66
186
34
590
76
10
192
44
650
82
11
198
54
710
12
204
64
770
13
210
69
800
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UHF Band
ADNU ECEM416
Background:
TV Receiver
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
Receiver
Utilizes superheterodyne principle
Handle video and synchronizing signals
and audio.
How it works:
Incoming signal is selected and
amplified by the RF amplifier
Stepped down to the IF frequency by
the mixer-local oscillator and.
IF amplifiers handle the composite
signal TV signals.
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
How it works (cont.):
Video detector separates the sound
and video signals.
The sound signal detected is the FM
signal and send to FM receiver(sound
channel block).
The output of the video detector is the
video(plus sync) signal.
The video signal is amplified in the
video amplifier and controls the
strength of the beam that is scanning
the phosphor of the CRT.
The sync precisely controls the
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horizontal and vertical
movement of
ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
Tuner
Contains RF amplifier, mixer and local
oscillator
For UHF, no RF amplifier is needed
because of poor noise performance at
high frequency
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
Stagger Tuning
Cascading a number of tuned bandpass
filters each having slightly offset
bandpass frequency to form a wider
flat bandpass with steep high and low
frequency roll-off skirts.
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
IF Amplifiers
Intercarrier system is a system that
process the sound and the video in the
same IF stage.
Same function as the regular radio
reciever: provide the bulk of the sets
sensitivity and amplification.
Standard IF frequencies.
45.75 MHz picture carrier
41.25 MHz(45.75 minus 4.5MHz)
sound carrier
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
SAW Filters
Extremely high Q filters often used in
TV and radar application.
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
Wavetrap
Also called trap
High Q bandstop circuit that attenuates
a narrow band of frequencies
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
Video Section
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ADNU ECEM416
TV Receiver
Color Receiver
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ADNU ECEM416
Software-Defined
Radio
ADNU ECEM416
Ideal SCR:
Software-Defined
Radio
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