Dual Laterolog DLL

The DLL consists of two Laterologs, a deep

and shallow investigating device, recorded
simultaneously.
Deep Laterolog LLd
The LLd is the deepest investigating laterolog.
This tool is needed to extend the range of
formation conditions in which reliable
determintaons of Rt are possible.
At the same time it is necessary to obtain
good vertical resolution, for which very long
guard electrodes are needed (28 feet
measured between ends of the guard
electrodes).

 The same electrode array is used for deep

laterolog and shallow laterolog, but the current
flows are different.
In the LLd (deep) mode,the surveying current
Io, that flows from the center electrode, A 0, is
focused by bucket currents from electrodes A 2
and A2'supported by A1 and A1'.
The four "A" electrodes are all connected in this
mode.
The total current returns to the surface fish
(electrode).
This arrangement provides strong focusing
deep into the formation.
Current and voltage are used to compute
resistvity.

Shallow Laterolog (LLs)

The shallow Laterolog (LLs) has the same vertical
resolution as the deep Laterolog (2 feet), but responds
more strongly to the region affected by invasion.
In the LLs(shallow) mode the bucking currents flow
from A1 to A2 and A1 to A2, reducing the depth of
investigation. #the same electrodes are used for the
shallow device although in a different way.
The total constant current it is generated downhole and
applied directly to bucking and measure electrodes.
It is split into two components: I b going to A1 and Io
going to Ao; both currents return to A 2 producing a
shallow Io beam
The electrodes are switched several times per second
from one to the other configuration, and the two
resistivity traces are produced simultaneously.

Principle
Wave Types
The tool measures the time it takes for a pulse
of sound (i.e., and elastic wave) to travel
from a transmitter to a receiver, which are
both mounted on the tool.
The transmitted pulse is very short and of high
amplitude.
This travels through the rock in various
different forms while undergoing dispersion
(spreading of the wave energy in time and
space) and attenuation (loss of energy through
absorption of energy by the formations).

 Sound energy arrives at the receiver, after passing

through the rock, at different times in the form of
different types of wave.
Because the different types of wave travel with
different velocities in the rock or take different
pathways to the receiver.
First type of wave arrives is the compressional or
longitudinal or pressure wave (P-wave).
Next wave is the transverse or shear wave (Swave).
Then come Rayleigh waves and Stoneley waves
that are associated with energy moving along the
borehole wall.
Lastly mud waves arrives which is a pressure wave
that travels through the mud in the borehole.

 The data of interest is the time taken for

the P-wave to travel from the transmitter
to the receiver.
This is measured by circuitry that starts
timing at the pulse transmission and has a
threshold on the receiver.
When the first P-wave arrival appears the
threshold is exceeded and the timer stops.
Clearly the threshold needs to be high
enough so that random noise in the signal
dies not trigger the circuit, but low enough
to ensure that the P-wave arrival is
accurately timed.

 The data is presented as a slowness

or the travel time per foot traveled
through the formation, which is
called delta t (t or T), and is
usually measured in s/ft.
Hence we can write a conversion
equation between velocity and
slowness:

where the slowness, t is in

microseconds per foot, and the

 The velocity of the compressional wave depends

upon the elastic properties of the rock (matrix plus
fluid), so the measured slowness varies depending
upon the composition and microstructure of the
matrix, the type and distribution of the pore fluid and
the porosity of the rock.
The velocity of a P-wave in a material is directly
proportional to the strength of the material and
inversely proportional to the density of the material.
Hence, the slowness of a P-wave in a material is
inversely proportional to the strength of the material
and directly proportional to the density of the
material, i.e.;

 The strength of a material is defined by two parameters

Bulk modulus
Shear modulus

The bulk modulus, K is the extent to which a material

can withstand isotropic squeezing.
Imagine an amount of material subjected to an isotropic
pressure P1.
Now let the isotropic pressure increase to a pressure P 2.
The material will compress from its initial volume v 1 to a
new smaller volume v2.
The bulk modulus is then given by;

where P is the change in pressure, and v is the change

in volume. Thus P is the change in pressure that causes
v change in volume.

 The shear modulus, is the extent to which a

material can withstand shearing.
Imagine an amount of material subjected to a
isotropic pressure P1. Now apply a shear stress
(non-isotropic pressure) Ps to one side of the
sample.
The material will shear to the new shape, and its
overall length will increase from its initial length
l1 to a new larger length l2.
The shear modulus is then given by;

where g is the shear strain. The application of

the shear stress Ps causes the development of a
shear strain g.

 Detailed analysis of the velocity and

slowness of P-waves in a material
shows that:

Reflection and Refraction

The transmitter emits sound waves at
a frequency of about 20-40 kHz, in
short pulses, of which there are
between 10 and 60 per second
depending on the tool manufacturer.
The energy spreads out in all
directions.
Imagine a pulse emanating from a Tx
on a sonic tool.
It will travel through the drilling mud
and encounter the wall of the borehole.

 The P-wave travels well through the mud

at a relatively slow velocity, V m, as the
mud has a low density.
The S-wave will not travel through liquid
mud.
At the interface it is both reflected back
into the mud and refracted into the
formation.
The portion of the P-wave energy that is
refracted into the formation travels at a
higher velocity, Vf, because the density of
the rock is higher.

 By using Snells law:

and at the critical angle of refraction, where the

refracted wave travels along the borehole wall,
R= 90o, so;

The velocity of the refracted wave along the

borehole wall remains Vf. Each point reached by
the wave acts as a new source retransmitting
waves back into the borehole at velocity Vm.

Microlog
The microlog (ML) is a rubber pad with three button
electrodes placed in a line with a 1 inch spacing .
A known current is emitted from electrode A, and the
potential differences between electrodes M1 and M2
and between M2 and a surface electrode are measured.
The two resulting curves are called the 2 normal curve
(ML) and the 1 inverse curve (MIV).
The radius of investigation is smaller for the second of
these two curves, and hence is more affected by
mudcake.
The difference between the two curves is an indicator
of mudcake, and hence bed boundaries.
The tool is pad mounted, and the distance across the
pads is also recorded, giving an additional caliper
measurement (the micro-caliper log).

The Proximity Log

The proximity log (PL) was developed from the
MLL to overcome problems with mudcakes over
3/8 thick, and is used to measure R XO.
The device is similar, except that it is larger than
the MLL and the functions of the central
electrode and the first monitoring ring electrode
are combined into a central button electrode.
The tool operates in a similar fashion to the LL3.
It has a depth of penetration of 1 ft., and is not
affected by mudcake.
It may, however, be affected by R t when the
invasion depth is small.

Compensated Neutron Log (CNL)

Designed to be sensitive to thermal neutrons,
and is therefore affected by the chlorine effect.
Two detectors situated 15 in. and 25 in. from the
source.
Far detector is larger to ensure adequate count
rates are observed.
Its significant measurement is the difference in
thermal neutron population, resulting from
neutron capture and neutron scattering.
Readings are presented in limestone porosity
units.
Use very strong source of neutrons to ensure that
the measured count rates are sufficiently high.

 Stronger source permits a deeper

depth of investigation and can be
used in cased holes.
CNL tool is run eccentred in the hole
by an arm which presses the tool
against the side of the borehole.
Insensitive to the type of mud in the
hole but implies that the readings are
only for one portion of the borehole
wall.