INTEGRATED PROJECT

PRODUCTION OF BENZENE
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE

Material and Energy Balance

In our production of benzene project, we
have conducted the material and energy
balance of the process in the reactor and
cooler.
In the cooler, the process that takes place is
a non-reactive process.

Non-reactive process ( Cooler )

H2O ( l,1250C)
2

671.015OC,
24,811 atm

3
Cooler

0.041 C7H8 (v)

0.495 H2 (v)
0.337 CH4 (v)
0.127 C6H6 (v)

38OC,
24,466
atm

0.041 C7H8 (l)

0.495 H2 (v)
0.337 CH4 (v)
0.127 C6H6 (l)
H2O (l, 25oC )

 Based on the PFD diagram of the cooler,

there are 4 unknowns which we need to find
which are 2, 3, 4 and 5.
The value of 2 can be determined by the
mass balance at the reactor as 2 is at the
outlet of the reactor. When 2 is known, 3
can be determine by mass balance of
hydrogen.
This is a cooler, so there are also inlet and
outlet for water .

 At the inlet of the cooler, all of the

components are in vapour state as they are
the products from the reactor.
At the outlet, some of the components remain
as vapour and some as liquid because they
are being cooled at the cooler. Toluene and
benzene are in liquid state while methane
and hydrogen are in vapour.

Mass Balance of Cooler

Mass Balance :
Since 2 = 9.11 x 10^6 kg/hr
2 = 3
Balance for hydrogen , H2 ,

0.4952 = 0.4953

0.495 ( 9.11 x 10^6 ) = 0.4953

3 = 9.11 x 10^6 kg/hr

Energy Balance of Cooler

Energy Balance :
Component

min (kg/hr)

C7 H8

3.74x105

H2

4.51x106

CH4
C6 H6

Hin (kJ/kg)
0

mout ( kg/hr)

Hout ( kJ/kg)

3.74x105

H2

H1

4.51x106

H3

3.07x106

3.07x106

H4

1.16x106

1.16x106

H5

Reference state : H2 ( g, 250C, 1 atm ) ; C7H8, CH4, C6H6 ( g, 671.0150C,

24.811 atm )

 In the energy balance, there are 5 unknowns

which are H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5. All of these
are the enthaply of components in the
process.
All of the enthalpies are determined based on
the reference state of the components.
Because the components are in different
states at the outlet, calculation of enthalpy is
different between them.

Find H1 : assuming that hydrogen, H2, is an ideal gas

From table B.8

T ( 0C )

H ( kJ/mol )

600

16.81

671.015

H1

700

19.81

Using interpolation :

671.015 - 600 = H1 - 16.81

700 - 600

19.81 - 16.81

71.015 = H1 - 16.81
100

2.1305 = H1 - 16.81
H1 = 18.941 kJ 1 mol 1000g
mol 2g 1 kg
= 9470.5 kJ/kg

Find H2 : from table B.2

State 1 : C7H8( v, 672.0150C, 24.811 atm )
HA

State 2 : C7H8( v, 110.620C, 1 atm )

HB

State 3 : C7H8( l, 110.620C, 1 atm )

HC

State 4 : C7H8( l, 380C, 24.466 atm )

Cp : C7H8
= 0.09418 + 3.8 x 10^-4 T - 2.786 x 10^-7 T2 + 8.033 x 10^-11 T3

HA =

Cp ( C7H8 , v ) dT

0.09418 + 3.8 x 10^-4 T - 2.786 x 10^-7 T2 + 8.033 x 10^-11 T3 dT

= 0.09418 T + 3.8 x 10^-4 T2/2 - 2.786 x 10^-7 T3/3 + 8.033 x 10^-11 T4/4

= ( 10.4182 + 2.32499 - 0.12771 + 3.00713 x 10 ^-3) - ( 63.1962 + 85.5496 - 28.05799 + 4.07143 )

= 12.6205 - 124.75924
= -112.14 kJ
mol
= -1217.193 kJ/kg

1 mol
92.13g

1000g
1 kg

HB = Hv C7H8(110.620C, 1 atm)
= 33.47 kJ 1 mol 1000g
mol 92.13g 1 kg
= 363.291 kJ/kg

HC = P +

Cp( C7H8( l) ) dT

Cp : C7H8(l)
= 0.1488 + 3.24 x 10^-4 T

Cp( C7H8( l) ) dT =

0.1488 + 3.24 x 10^-4 T dT

= 0.1488 T + 3.24 x 10^-4 T^2/2

= ( 5.6544 + 0.23393 ) - ( 16.4603 + 1.9824 )

= 5.888 - 18.443
= -12.555 kJ

1 mol

1000g

mol 92.13g 1 kg
Cp( C7H8( l) ) dT = - 136.275 kJ/kg

SG for C6H6 = 0.866

Density = 0.866 kg/L

P = 1 L

( 1-24.446) atm 92.13g

0.866 kg

= -0.2494 kJ

1 mol

1 mol

1000g

mol 92.13g 1 kg
= -2.70704 kJ/kg

1kg
1000g

0.008314 kJ/mol.K
0.08314 L.atm/mol.K

HC = -2.70704 - 136.275
= - 138.98 kJ/kg

H2 = H A + H B + H C
= -1217.193 + 363.291 - 138.98
= - 99.88 kJ/kg

Find H3 : assuming that hydrogen, H2, is an ideal gas

From table B.8
T ( 0C )

H ( kJ/mol )

25

38

H3

100

2.16

Using interpolation :

38 - 25 = H3 - 0
100 - 25

2.16 - 0

13 = H3
75

2.16

H3 = 0.3744 kJ 1 mol 1000g

mol

2g

1 kg

= 187.2 kJ/kg

Find H4 : From table B.2

Cp : CH4
= 0.03431 + 5.469 x 10^-5 T + 3.661 x 10^-9 T2 - 1.1 x 10^-11 T3

H4 =

Cp dT

0.03431 + 5.469 x 10^-5 T + 3.661 x 10^-9 T2 - 1.1 x 10^-11 T3 dT

= 0.03431 T + 5.469 x 10^-5 T2/2 + 3.661 x 10^-9 T3/3 - 1.1 x 10^-11 T4/4
= ( 1.30378 + 0.039486 + 6.6962 x 10^-5 - 5.7341 x 10^-6 ) - ( 23.0225 + 12.3124 + 0.3687 - 0.55752 )
= 1.34333 - 35.1461
= - 33.803 kJ

1 mol

1000g

mol 16.04g 1 kg
H4 = -2107.42 kJ/kg

Find H5 : From table B.2

State 1 : C6H6( v, 672.0150C, 24.811 atm )
HA

State 2 : C6H6( v, 80.100C, 1 atm )

HB
State 3 : C6H6( l, 80.100C, 1 atm )
HC

State 4 : C6H6( l, 380C, 24.466 atm )

Cp : C6H6
= 0.07406 + 3.295 x 10^-4 T - 2.52 x 10^-7 T2 + 7.757 x 10^-11 T3

HA =

Cp dT

0.07406 + 3.295 x 10^-4 T - 2.52 x 10^-7 T2 + 7.757 x 10^-11 T3 dT

= 0.07406 T + 3.295 x 10^-4 T2/2 - 2.52 x 10^-7 T3/3 + 7.757 x 10^-11 T4/4
= (5.932 + 1.05704 - 0.044026 + 7.98296 x 10^-4) - ( 49.6954 + 74.1805 - 25.3791 + 3.93154 )
= 6.9458 - 102.42834
= - 95.48 kJ

1 mol 1000g

mol 78.11g 1 kg
HA = -1222.38 kJ/kg

HB = Hv C6H6(80.100C, 1 atm)
= 30.765 kJ
mol
= 393.87 kJ/kg

1 mol

1000g

78.11g 1 kg

HC =

P +

Cp( C6H6( l) ) dT

Cp : C6H6 (l)
= 0.1265 + 2.34 x 10^-4 T

Cp( C6H6( l) ) dT =

0.1265 + 2.34 x 10^-4 T d

= 0.1265 T + 2.34 x 10^-4 T^2/2

= ( 4.807 + 0.16895 ) - ( 10.133 + 0.7507 )
= 4.97595 - 10.884
= - 5.908 kJ
mol
= -75.64 kJ/kg

1 mol

1000g

78.11g 1 kg

SG of C6H6 = 0.879
Density = 0.879 kg/L

P= 1L

( 1-24.446) atm

0.879 kg

= - 0.2083 kJ

1 mol

78.11g 1kg

0.008314 kJ/mol.K

1 mol

0.08314 L.atm/mol.K

1000g

1000g

mol 78.11g 1 kg
= -2.667 kJ/kg

HC = -2.667 - 75.64
= -78.307 kJ/kg
H 5 = HA + HB + HC
= -1222.38 + 393.87 - 78.307
= -906.817 kJ/kg

Find Q
Q=
Q=I HI -i Hi
Q=(3.74x105)( - 99.88)+( 4.51x106 )( 187.2)+( 3.07x106)( -2107.42)+
( 1.16x106)( -906.817)-( 4.51 x106 )( 9470.5)
Q= (-3.47x107) + (8.44x108)+(-6.47 x109)+(-6.47x109) - (4.27 x1010)
Q= -1.213 x1010-(4.27 x1010)
Q= -5.48 x1010