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Introducing Routing
Outline
Overview
Routing Overview
Static and Dynamic Route Comparison
Static Route Configuration
Default Route Forwarding Configuration
Static Route Configuration Verification
Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview
Features of Dynamic Routing Protocols
The ip classless Command
InterVLAN Routing
Summary
Router Operations
Static Route
Uses a route that a
network administrator
enters into the router
manually
Dynamic Route
Uses a route that a network
routing protocol adjusts
automatically for topology
or traffic changes
Static Routes
Default Routes
Selecting the
Best Route with Metrics
ROUTING LOOPS
Distance vector routing protocols keep track of any
changes that occur in the internetwork by
broadcasting the periodic routing table updates out
to all Routers connected. This is good for the
maintenance of the internetwork but not for the
processing of the routers processor. But the
routing updates are send after a specific time
period.
An inconsistent routing tables updates can
cause ROUTING LOOPS
ROUTING LOOPS
ROUTING LOOPS
If network 6 fails then router E will send the update to
router C because all other router have the route to
network six from the router C.
Now router C know about the Failure of the Network 6
but all other A,B and D are still don`t know about the
failure bcz C didn`t send update to them till now.
So they keep on sending the routing updates to C for
the network 6. and they assume that YES they have
path for network 6.
ROUTING LOOPS
After some time when router C will send update to
router B.it will stop routing for network 6.
ROUTING LOOPS
The problem occur when before update to router A & D
about the failure the router A send a HELLO update
packet to router B & D about the network 6. and router B
& D think that network six will be reachable through
router A. and they start sending update to all of the router
about this update.
Then router A send request for N/W 6 to B & D, D will
send to B, B will send to A, and again and again they will
repeat the same procedure in a LOOP.
Known as routing loop.
Collision Domain
Broadcast domain
The boundary in which all devices can see and
participate in the broadcast sent from the nay node to
any node in the network.
Device Specifications
HUB:- 1 Collision domain
1 Broadcast domain
At a time only one request can travel to all the nodes
connected with the hub.
And if there is any collision then a single collision can
stop whole network
Switch:- 1 Broadcast domain, multiple collision domain,
each port is a separate collision domain, multiple unicast
domain.
A Switch always performs 1st time broadcast when it is
power ON and after that it will always use unicast
method for data distribution
Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes
It is used to give the rank to the routing protocols
It is an integer from 0-255
It will show the trustworthiness of any routing
protocol.
0 means most trusted.
255 means traffic can`t be pass to that route.
Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes
How the AD is used.
Whenever a router will receive two routing updates
At same time then it will check for the AD distance
for that updates and save the update with least AD
in its routing table.
BUT if the both have the same AD then it will follow
the routing metrics of protocol that is used for the
routing from the side of routing update.
Like [hop count/shortest path]
Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes
Source
AD
Connected 0
Static
1
RIP
120
IGRP
100
EIGRP
90
OSPF
110
Unknown 255
255 will never
be used.
Summary
Routing is the process by which items get from one location to
another. In networking, a router is the device used to route
traffic. Routers can forward packets over static routes or
dynamic routes, based on the router configuration.
Static routers use a route that a network administrator enters
into the router manually. Dynamic routes use a router that a
network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or
traffic changes.
Unidirectional static routes must be configured to and from a
stub network to allow communications to occur.
The ip route command can be used to configure default route
forwarding.
The show ip route command is used to verify that static routing
is properly configured. Static routes are signified in the
command output by S.
Summary (Cont.)
Dynamic routing protocols determine how updates are
conveyed, what knowledge is conveyed, when to convey
knowledge, and how to locate recipients of the updates.
A routing protocol that has a lower administrative value is
more trustworthy than a protocol that has a higher
administrative value.
There are three classes of routing protocols: distance vector,
link-state, and balanced hybrid.
The ip classless command can be used to prevent a router
from dropping a packet that is destined for an unknown
subnetwork of a directly attached network if a default route
is configured.