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MODES OF WRITING

Modes Of Writing
Descriptive

Writing
Narrative Writing
Expository Writing
Persuasive Writing

DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
An

effective written description is one that


presents a clear picture to the reader
Good descriptive writing involves:

using your senses to observe


selecting precise details
organizing your ideas

Writing a Good Description


Observing and taking notes
Using your experience and imagination
Focusing on the details
Using precise language
Following spatial order
Including transitions

Writing the Description

Using specific words

good description involves specific nouns,


vivid verbs, and exact adjectives
A specific noun: beagle or Rover, is more informative than the
general noun dog
A vivid verb : such as stroll, amble, saunter, march, tramp or hike
tells the reader more than a pale verb like walk
Exact adjectives: seventy six rather than many; lanky, gaunt, bony
or gangly instead of thin

Ordering Descriptive Details


Details

can be ordered in several ways,


depending on the point in space that seems a
logical starting point

Details can be ordered from top to bottom, from


nearer to far, or from left to the right.
Ordering your details according to their place in the
picture is called spatial order

Using Transitions
Transition

words and phrases are powerful


tools that can turn the details into vivid images
It shows how the details in a description are
related and they make the description easier to
follow
Examples- under, to the right, behind, in back
of, inside, to the left of

NARRATIVE WRITING

A story or an account of event


Historical narratives
Fictional narratives
Real-life narratives
It needs plot, characters, and setting
Plot : what happened in a narrative
Characters: people or animals that take part in the
events
Setting: it puts the characters in a certain place at a
certain time (the present, the past, or the future)

Writing a Narrative
Establish

a point of view
Reveal your characters personalities through
appropriate dialogue
Make the order of the events clear with
transitions

Establish a Point of View


Some

stories are told by a main character in the


first person- I or we

The reader sees all the events through the narrators


eyes and views them as the narrator view them

Other

stories are told by an observer in the third


person- he, she or they

The narrator of a third-person story may describe


events from a single characters view or the narrator
may reveal the thoughts and feelings of all the
characters

Writing your story


As

you write focus on the Plot, Setting and


Characters and then start writing about your
story by:

Beginning your story


Keeping a story on track
Putting events in order

Writing Dialogue
Dialogue

: words spoken by the characters in a

narrative
When you write a dialogue, you need to help
your readers keep track of who is speaking.

Enclose the exact words of a speaker in quotation


marks
Use phrases such as Molly said or Jack replied
Begin a new paragraph for each speaker

Finishing the Job


The

conclusion should give your audience the


feeling that the story is complete
The conclusion sums up the story and reflects
on what happened.

EXPOSITORY WRITING

Expository writing explains or inform


It includes one or more of these elements:
Definitions
Step-by-step processes
Comparison and contrast
Cause-and effect relationships

Defining

Defining a term or an idea is one approach to expository


writing

Formal definition
provide specific qualities of the term
Personal definition
use real-life examples and vivid details
Organise your definition
when you write your draft, try different orders of
organisation (either start with basic definition or conclude
with the basic definition)

Comparing and Contrasting


Compare:

explain how two things are similar


Contrast: explain how two things are different

Examine your subject


think about one subject and list descriptive details that
go with that subject. Then make a list of the same kinds
of details for your other subject
Sort what you see
sort your details for comparison and contrast
(use Venn Diagram)
Organise the details

Comparing and Contrasting


Organise

the details

Two ways to organise a comparison-contrast piece


By subject: discuss all details about one subject and then
all the details about the other subject
By

feature: choose one feature and discuss the

similarities and differences for both subjects and do the


same until you have covered all the features

Explaining a process

To explain a process

Choose a topic
Identify your audience
Locate terms they will understand and those you will have to explain

Make the order clear:


before you write about a process

Gather information through research, observation, or interviews


List the steps of the process in chronological order
Use transition words to help make the order of the steps clear for the
reader

Using Cause and Effects


Relationships
Cause:

an identifiable condition or event


Effect: something that happens as a direct
result of that condition or event
A cause and effect explanation may show one
cause and one effect, a series of effects
resulting from a single cause, multiple causes
and multiple effects, or a chain of cause and
effects

Using Cause and Effects


Relationships
Organise

Your Explanation

Two ways to organize your cause and effect


explanation
Identify a cause and then explain its effects
State an effect and then discuss its cause or causes
Review your draft to be sure the cause and effect
relationships are clear and use transition words to
clarify the relationships.

Using Cause and Effects


Relationships
Using

details

Supporting details, depend on the approach you


have chosen, and are the heart of expository writing

Kinds

of details that might be included in a


report about the planet Mercury

Facts, statistics, examples/incidents, and reasons

Using Cause and Effects


Relationships
Arranging

Details

Choose ways to arrange information and supporting


details
If you are defining something, arrange features from
most to least significant
If you are writing about a process, then
chronological order, or time order, might be more
logical

PERSUASIVE WRITING
The

goal is to make people think or act in a


certain way.
In persuasive writing, you should:

State your position clearly and forcefully


Consider your audience
Include suitable supporting details (facts and
opinions)
Arrange your evidence in the most effective way

Forming an Opinion

In most persuasive writing, the writer states an opinion or


urges an action and then offers reasons to convince readers
to accept the opinion or support the action
Reasons are often supported by facts, statistics, and
examples.
In persuasive writing, a key ingredient is the statement of
what you want your audience to do or think.
Express it in a topic sentence which may appear either at
the beginning or at the end of your opening paragraph

Considering your Audience


If

your goal is to influence opinions, think about


your audience: Who they are and how they think?
What they know about your topic? What evidence
would be more interesting and convincing to your
readers?

Different

people have different interests and


different levels of knowledge. Choose reasons
that will appeal to your audience

Supporting your Opinions

To gather support, investigate your topic by reading, and


interviewing experts
Ways to build an argument:

List reasons that support your opinion


i.e. list of pros and cons
Gather evidence to support your reasons

Persuading people to change their attitudes or to take


action requires evidence, which comes in two forms:

Facts
Opinions

Supporting your Opinions


Facts:

Statements that can be proved.


Opinions: a personal belief or feeling

Snakes are not slimy


Statistics, or facts expressed in numbers, are one form
of factual support. Examples are another

Opinions:

a personal belief or feeling

It cant be proved
The opinions of experts, or personal experience are
evidence

Evidence in Persuasive Writing


Kinds

Examples

Fact

American spent 33 billion dollars on the diet industry in 1990

Statistic

In 1990, 34 percent of men and 38 percent of women spent 33


billion dollars on diets

Example

A preteen by guzzles protein drinks, hoping to increase his size


and strength

Opinion

Well-known diet specialist Dr. Luz Waite recommends regular


exercise along with any weight loss plan

Organising your Argument


The

structure of a persuasive piece can


resemble the three-part structure of a report

Introduction: states the topic and your opinion on it


Body: provides evidence to support your opinion
Conclusion: summarizes your argument and
suggest action

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