Nanotechnology

What will we talk about?

Definition of
the
Nanotechnol
ogy

Nanotechnol
ogy and
Computer

Nanotechnol
ogy and
Medicine

hat is The Nanotechnolo

Definitio
n
Nanotechnology is science,
engineering, and
technologyconductedat the
nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100
nanometers.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology
are the study and application of
extremely small things and can be
used across all the other science
fields, such as chemistry, biology,

How did it
start?
The
ideas and concepts behind
nanoscience and nanotechnology
started with a talk entitled Theres
Plenty of Room at the Bottom by
physicist Richard Feynman at an
American Physical Society meeting
at the California Institute of
Technology (CalTech) on December
29, 1959, long before the term
nanotechnology was used.

How did it
start?

In his talk, Feynman described a process in

which scientists would be able to
manipulate and control individual atoms and
molecules.
Over a decade later, in his explorations of
ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio
Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology.
It wasn't until 1981, with the development
of the scanning tunneling microscope that
could "see" individual atoms, that modern
nanotechnology began.

Fundmental
concepts
Its
hard in
to imaginejust how small
Nanotechnolo
nanotechnology
is. One nanometer is a
gy of a meter, or 10-9of a meter. Here
billionth

are a few illustrative examples:

There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch
( 1 inch=2.54 centimeters)
A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000
nanometers thick
On a comparative scale, if a marble were a
nanometer, then one meter would be the
size of the Earth

2-)What Is
the Role of
Nanotechno
logy in
Computers?

Nano in your
gadgets!
Nanotechnologies are increasingly used in
mobile phones, computers and other high
technology equipment.
The nano bit will not fundamentally change
how your computer, your mobile phone,
gaming console or your MP3 player operate,
but it will make them faster, cheaper and
with more memory.

Nanotechnology in your
computers!
Nanotechnologyin computers provides the
need for faster running computer processes
at cooler temperatures than
traditional,transistor-based computer
components.
In traditional computing, transistors have
used silicon components as an affordable
and easily manufactured method to provide
smaller and faster computers and electronic
gadgets, such as netbooks, smartphones
and personal assistant devices.

Such powerful gadgets at so small a size produce too

much heat, however, reducing the effectiveness,
performance and longevity of the silicon components.

Nanotechnology in computing solves the heat dilemma

by providing improved processor power at cooler
temperatures and lighter weights.

The demand for smaller devices challenged chip

engineers and manufacturers to design high-powered
chips in smaller packages.

You've got the

power!
The limits of the way we currently make
computer chips is not far off. There is a
drive in electronics and computing to create
chips with more and more transistors to
increase their processing power.
But when the dimensions of these chips get
smaller and smaller, problems start
developing and they don't work properly.

Nano tools and processes are being used to allow the

dimensions of these chips to continue shrinking and
allow the processing speeds of computers to progress.

This may allow for better computers, phones and

processing power in lots of other devices - woven into
your clothes, in security cameras, even implanted into
your skin, or that of your dog!

The demand for smaller devices challenged chip

engineers and manufacturers to design high-powered
chips in smaller packages.

BETTER SCREENS!
Even the screens used on computers and
other electronics are being developed with
carbon nanotubes that will improve upon
the color, the contrast and definition of
other display technologies.

They may also allow much thinner or even

flexible screens

QUICK CHARGE
BATTERIES!
An area that is getting a lot of research
now, but you can't purchase quite yet, is
improved batteries for your laptop, phone or
other electronic devices.

These improved batteries could get a

complete charge in just 5 minutes and their
lifespan could be significantly increased.

3-)Nanotechnology
in
medcne

Nanomedicine
Nanomedicineis the medical application
ofnanotechnology.
Nanomedicine ranges from the medical
applications to nanoelectronic biosensors, and
even possible future applications of molecular
nanotechnology.
Current problems are related to toxicity
andenvironmental impact of nanoscale
materials.

Nanomedicine is a large industry.

Nanomedicine sales reached $6.8 billion in 2004, with over 200

companies and 38 products worldwide. Also a minimum of $3.8
billion in nanotechnology R&D is being invested every year.

In April 2006, the journal Nature Materialsestimated that 130

nanotech-based drugs and delivery systems were being developed
worldwide. As the nanomedicine industry continues to grow, it is
expected to have a significant impact on the economy.

Drug delivery
Nanotechnology has provided the possibility of
delivering drugs to specific cells using nanoparticles.

The overall drug consumption and side-effects may

be lowered significantly by the active agent in
morbid region.
Drug delivery focuses on maximizing bioavailability.
Biochemical reaction starts in a short time. It is an
important point on treatment.

The efficiency of drug delivery is based upon

a) efficient encapsulation of the drugs

b) successful delivery of drug to the targeted region of the body

c) successful release of the drug

Visualization
In vivoimaging is another area where tools and
devices are being developed.
Using nanoparticle contrast agents, such as
ultrasound and MRI, can be useful especially in
oncology.
When injected, they seep into cancer tumors and
surgeon can see the glowing tumor.
The agents will detect, evaluate, treat and report to
the clinical doctor automatically.

Sensing
Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody,
are used to label specific molecules, structures or
microorganisms.
Sensor test chips have thousands of nanowires to
detect proteins and other biomarkers for cancer in
the early stages from a few drops of a patients
blood.
Arthroscopes which are pencil-sized devices for
surgeries are smaller than a strand of hair.
The smaller incisions heal faster and it is better for
the patients.

Tissue engineering
Nanotechnology may be used as part of tissue
engineering to help reproduce or repair damaged
tissue.
Tissue engineering may replace conventional
treatments like organ transplants or artificial
implants.

For example nanonephrology. It is the use of

nanomedicine on the kidney.

Medical devices
Molecular assemblers, machines which could re-order
matter at a molecular or atomic scale.
Nanomedicine would make use of these nanorobots,
introduced into the body, to repair or detect
damages and infections.

Molecular nanotechnology is highly theoretical.

Molecular assemblers and nanorobots are far beyond
current capabilities