Review Lectures 19 &

20

Label the different structures of the

upper and lower respiratory tracts:
Sphenoidal S.
Frontal S.
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs

Diaphragm

Which of the following is not a

function of the respiratory system?
1. Sound Production
2. Gas Exchange
3. Pulmonary Ventilation
4. Breathing
5. Olfaction
6. Defense
7. External Respiration
8. Gustation
9. Gas conditioning
Answer: Gustation

Name the three regions of the

Pharynx and what type of
epithelium lines each region:
Nasopharynx
1. Region:
Epithelium: Pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar
2. Region:
Oropharynx
Epithelium: Stratified Squamous
Laryngopharynx
3. Region:
Epithelium: Stratified Squamous
Bonus: What is the function of pseudostratrified
ciliated columnar epithelium in the nasopharynx?
Answer: To move mucus down the throat to later be

Match the structures of the larynx

with the descriptions below:
1

Cords that dont actually

1. Epiglottis
produce sound.
Routes air and food in the
2. Vestibular Folds
way they are meant to
3. Vocal Folds
travel. Made of elastin
cartilage.
4. Thyroid, cricoid,
and
arytenoid
Made up of hyaline
cartilage.
cartilage.
Cords that actually
produce sound.
Be able to label the larynx in the picture to
the right:

62
5

4
3

What type of endothelium lines the

trachea?
1. Stratified Squamous
2. Simple Squamous
3. Pseudostratified Columnar
4. Pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar
Answer: pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar

What is the function of goblet

cells?
Answer: To secrete mucus.

Approximately how many bronchial

division does the human body have?
1. 5
2. 10
3. 15
4. 20
Answer: 10, because
each body has between
9-12 divisions.
Extra credit: Which type of cartilage do
bronchioles contain?
Answer: Trick question. None.

Name the following

microscopic structures
leading up to gas
exchange between the
lungs and blood:
Answers:
1. Bronchiole
2. Terminal Bronchiole
3. Respiratory Brochiole
4. Alveolar Duct
5. Alveoli

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Name the types of cell found in

alveoli based on the descriptions
below:

Alveolar type I
___________
are made up of simple squamous epithelium
cells
and are responsible for gas exchange.
Alveolar type II
___________
are in charge of secreting surfactant, which
cells
moisten and help maintain the shape of the cell.
Alveolar
____________
macrophages

are dust cells that gobble up foreign material

that could be dangerous to the alveoli.

Label the missing

structures of the
lung:
Extra Credit: Which lung has
more lobes (left or right)?

1.

2.
3.

Answer: Right.
Left = 2 lobes
Right = 3 lobes
Answers:
4.
1. Apex
2. Inferior Lobe
3. Base
4. Hilum
5. Pulmonary
Bronchi
6. Hilum

5.

6.

Inflammation of the pleura surrounding

your lungs is called _________.
1. Bronchitis
2. Pleuritis
3. Pleurisy
4. Pulmisy
Answer: Pleurisy

Breathing is called pulmonary _________ in the

respiratory system, as where gas exchange is called
external _________.

1. Inhalation, expiration
2. Ventilation, respiration
3. Inspiration, ingestion
4. Expiration, ventilation
Answer: Ventilation, respiration

Pulmonary Ventilation:
During inhalation the diaphragm (contracts/relaxes)and
the external intercostals (contract/relax).

Process:
Volume of the thoracic cavity
(increases/decreases) and internal
lung pressure (increases/decreases).
This allows air to rush (into/out of) the
lungs.

Pulmonary Ventilation:
During exhalation the diaphragm (contracts/relaxes)and the
internal intercostals (contract/relax).

Process:
Volume of the thoracic cavity
(increases/decreases) and internal
lung pressure (increases/decreases).
This allows air to rush (into/out of) the
lungs.

__________ respiration deals with gas

exchange between blood and air at the
alveoli, as where __________ respiration deals
with gas exchange between blood and tissue
cells at systemic capillaries.
1. Internal, external
2. External, internal
3. Inner, outer
4. Superficial, deep
Answer: External, internal

Insert the disorder based on the

following descriptions:
Asthma is caused by hypersensitivity that leads to
___________
Word Bank:
Cystic Fibrosis
Asthma
Emphysema
Pneumonia
Lung Cancer

inflammation and bronchoconstriction. It may occur in

response to pollen, smoke, mold, dust, mites, exercise, or
anxiety.
Pneumonia
___________ is an infection of the alveoli that results in
swelling and reduced capacity for gas exchange. It may be
caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It is characterized as
Lung
Cancer
a lung
filled with fluid.
___________ is usually caused by cigarette smoke. There are 3
common types known as squamous cell carcinoma,
Cystic
adenocarcinoma,
and small cell carcinoma. Treatment
Fibrosiscomplete removal of the lung.
includes
___________ results in thick, sticky mucus, because cells
Emphysema
cannot secrete chloride. It is a genetic disease that affects
organs that secrete mucin.

Answer: Steroids mixed with bronchodilators, because

steroids generally reduce inflammation.
Random Disorder Questions (Bonus Questions):
What is generally used to treat asthma? Can you explain why?
What is responsible for the gunk you cough up while having pneumonia?
What type of endothelium does stratified squamous replace in squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer: Sputum

Answer: It replaces the pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium.

Fill in the blanks:

During week 4 of embryology the respiratory
diverticulum and primary bronchial buds form
endodermal
off of the ____________ tube. During week 5
6
secondary bronchial buds form and by week
____ tertiary bronchi form.

Pharynx
Sublingual
Salivary
Gland

Esophagus

Liver

Pancreas
Large
Intestine

Name the missing

accessory and
gastrointestinal tract
organs:

Functions of the Digestive System:

Word Bank: Secretion, Absorption, Propulsion,
Mechanical,
Chemical
__________
digestion
is the physical breakdown of food. It
Mechanicmastication and segmentation.
includes
al

__________ is the production and release of bile, enzymes, and

Secretion
mucus.
propulsion
Peristalsis is an example
of __________ and is the muscular
contraction that moves food through the GI tract.
Chemical digestion is the enzymatic breakdown of food.
__________
Absorptio is the way in which nutrients transport into
__________
n
blood/lymph
vessels.

Which of the following represents segmentation

and peristalsis:

Segmentation
Local contractions of smooth
muscle
Involved with mechanical
digestion

Peristalsis
Form of propulsion
Wave of contraction and
relaxation in GI tract
Does not break up food

Name the four layers of the GI tract

wall:
Mucosa

What are the functions of the

mucosa and muscularis layers
respectively?
Secretion and absorption.
Mucosa: Segmentation and peristalsis.

Muscularis:

Submucosa
Muscularis

Serosa

Name the missing

structures of the oral
cavity:
The lips and oral cavity are
lined with (keratinized/nonkeratinized) stratified
epithelium.
The oral cavity is the first site
of
(mechanical/chemical/both)di
gestion.

Superior labial
frenulum

Uvula

Hard Palate

Lingual Tonsil
Epiglottis

Salivary Glands:
Which Salivary Gland produces the most amount of saliva (60-70%)?

1. Parotid
2. Sublingual

3. Submandibular
4. Pharyngeal

Answer: Submandibular

Bonus: About how much saliva do the salivary glands combine to

make each day?
Answer: About 1.5 L per day.

Find the location of

the following tooth
structures:

6
1

1. Gingiva

7
8

2. Alveolus
3. Periodontal
ligaments
4. Root and root canal
5. Cementum
6. Enamel
Forms crown of
tooth

7. Dentin
Forms bulk of tooth

8. Pulp
Contains blood

4
5
3
2

Approximately how many teeth do

adults have (including wisdom
1. 36
teeth)?
2. 32
3. 28
4. 30
Name each type of tooth corresponding with
the number of teeth found in the adult
mouth:
8- Incisors
Canines
4Premolars
8- (bicuspids)
Molars
12-

Answer: 32

What type of epithelium lines the

oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
1. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
2. Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
3. Simple Squamous
4. Simple Cuboidal
Answer: Stratified Squamous Epithelium

What process of digestion do these structures

aid with?
Answer: Swallowing

Put in order the 3 phases of swallowing. Know whether

each phase is voluntary or involuntary and what occurs
in each.

Voluntary phase:
-Bolus of food is
pushed by tongue
against hard palate
and moves toward
oropharynx

Pharyngeal phase
(involuntary):
-Soft palate and uvula
close off nasopharynx
-Larynx elevates so the
epiglottis closes over
laryngeal opening

Esophageal phase
(involuntary):
-Peristaltic
contractions of the
esophageal muscle
push bolus toward
stomach

Which of the following is not true

concerning the esophagus?
1. It is a muscular tube lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
2. It contains both a superior and inferior esophageal sphincter.
3. It propels swallowed food to the stomach via peristalsis.
4. It runs through an opening called the mediastial hiatus just
superior of the diaphragm.
Answer: Number 4. It runs through an opening in the
diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus.

Fundus

Name the
missing
structures
of the
stomach:

Pyloric
Sphincter

Greater
Curvature
Rugae/Gastric
Folds

Which of the following is not a function of the

stomach?
1. Storage of food.
2. Mechanical digestion through churning
with gastric juice.
3.

Absorption of 90% of nutrients.

4.

Initiation of chemical digestion of protei

Answer: Number 3. The stomach performs very little

absorption of proteins and some medicines.

Histology of the stomach wall:

Name what each cell type secretes and the purpose of

that secretion.
Cell Type
Surface Mucous Cell
Mucous Neck Cell
Parietal Cell
Chief Cell
Enteroendocrine Cell

Secretion

Purpose of Secretion

Mucin
Lubrication and protection of epithelium
Acidic Mucin
Protection by creating acidic
environment
Hydrocloric Acid Activates enzymes and denatures
proteins
Intrinsic Factor Necessary for the uptake of Vitamin B12
Pepsinogen
Converted to pepsin (large protein
digestion)
Gastrin
Enters into the bloodstream as a
hormone

GI disorders:
What is the bacterium associated with 80% of peptic ulcer
cases?
Answer: Helicobacter pylori.
What medicines sometimes cause
peptic
ulcers?
Answer:
Ibuprofen
and Aspirin.

How do you treat aAnswer:

peptic
ulcer?
Either eliminating bacteria (via antibiotics) or eliminating a
heartbu
Reflux esophagitis is commonly referred
to as_________.
rn
stomac
During reflux esophagitis acidic
_______ contents are
h

regurgitated into the esophagus.

Name some symptoms of reflux esophagitis:

Answer: Pain in sternum and abdomen, difficulty swallowing, increased

belching, bleeding.