Network Standard

OSI MODEL
BY TREVOR KAPUSA

OSI Model

Functions

Summary to Physical Layer

The Physical Layer has two responsibilities;

it sends bits and receives bits.

All wiring, power, cabling and connections are part of the physical layer
Without the physical layer functioning properly none of the upper layers
will respond correctly

OSI Model

Error notification
Access to the physical medium
Flow control

2. Data Link Layer

Purpose

Manages the flow of data over the physical media

Responsible for error-free transmission over the physical media

Assures error-free data submission to the Network Layer

The physical address defines how devices are labelled in the data link
layer.

This physical address is most commonly called the Media Access

Control (MAC) address.

The MAC address is a unique number assigned by the manufacturer

Data Link Devices

Switches and bridges

Devices that use MAC addressing to make networking decisions function

on the data link layer.
Example: Do ipconfig /all on command Line (cmd)
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 48-D2-24-8A-3D-9E

Data Link Layer Subdivision

Improvement to ISO Model

Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer

Manages service access points (logical link)

Managing frames to upper and lower layers

Error and flow control

Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer

Applies directly to network card communication

Access control

Address Resolution Protocol

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP maintains a small database in memory, called the ARP cache, that
cross-references physical and logical addresses.

on CMD do arp a
Interface: 192.168.43.175 --- 0x4
Internet Address

Physical Address

Type

192.168.43.1

02-90-4c-14-43-19

dynamic

224.0.0.22

01-00-5e-00-00-16

static

01-00-5e-7f-ff-fa

static

239.255.255.250

Media Access Control Application

Network Interface Card driver

NETWORK
SOFTWARE

NETWORK
CARD
NIC Driver
facilitates data
transfer

3. Network Layer

Basically defines logical addressing and the ways that packets

are moved from source to destination on a network

Purpose

Addressing and routing the packets

Example application at the router

If the packet size is large, splits into small packets

Cont.

Network Layer Function

Address messages

Path determination between source and destination nodes on different

networks

Address translation from logical to physical

Example: Gil-llw-noc ----------> 154.66.120.129

Routing of data (path determination)

Based on priority

Best path at the time of transmission

Congestion control

Logical Address Construction

A routing protocol

used to pass messages between routers for maintaining and updating

routing tables

Example: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP.

Routed Protocols

used to carry end-user traffic across the internetwork

Example: IP and IPX
**Routing protocols support routed protocols

Lower Layers Application Areas

Special significance to network card design

Applies to general LAN hardware design

Exceptions

Routers etc.

802. standards

Centered around the lower layers

Applies to networks

Layer Operations

At each layer, additional information is added to the data packet

An example would be information related to the IP protocol that is

added at Layer 3

Formatting of Data Through the

Layers
Application Header Presentation Header Session Header

Network Header

Data Link Header and Trailer

Transport Header

Physical Frame Preamble

Packet : General Format

Header

Trailer

Data

A general concept of packets serves as a prerequisite to

the understanding of the ISO-OSI model.

Some Header Information Added

at Various Layers

Packet arrival information

Receivers address

Senders address

Synchronization character

Some of the Major Components

of the
Data Packet
Receivers
Control
Data

Address

Data

Error
Correction
Protocol

Start/synch
Information
Senders
Address

Standardizing Packet Formatting

Packets must conform to a standard in order for the nodes in a network

to be able to communicate with one another

The International Standards Organization (ISO) has provided a reference

model

Standards are established for operations at each layer of the ISO/OSI

model in the form of protocols

Layered Model Summary