4.

0 DRINKING WATER
TREATMENT PROCESS
4.1 Aeration of water quality
4.2 Setting and precipitation of colloidal
particles
4.3 Hardness removal

INTRODUCTION

Water treatment describes those processes used to make water

more acceptable for desired end-use. These can include used as
drinking water industrial process, medical, and many other uses.

The goal of all water treatment is removed existing contaminants

in the water and reduce the concentration of contaminants so the
water becomes fit for its desired end-use. One of such use in
returning water that has been used into natural environment
without adverse ecological part.

What is existing contaminants?

The Safe Drinking Water Act defines the term
"contaminant" as meaning any physical,
chemical, biological, or radiological substance or
other matter in water.
Some drinking water contaminants may be
harmful if consumed at certain levels in drinking
water while others may be harmless.

Drinking water quality

Drinking water quality refers to the
chemical, physical, biological, and
radiological characteristics of water. It is a
measure of the condition of water relative
to the requirements of one or more biotic
species and or to any human need or
purpose.
Example:

 Our drinking water comes from two

sources
Surface water which are rivers, lake and
reservoirs

Groundwater which is stored below water

surface.

4.1Aeration of water quality

Aeration is used to remove tastes
and odors and
To remove minerals such as iron and
manganese from water and
To remove carbon dioxide from the
water

How aeration occurred?

In water treatment the aeration process brings water
and air into close contact by exposing drops or thin
sheets of water to the air or by introducing small
bubbles of air and letting them rise through the water.
For both procedures the processes by which the
aeration accomplishes the desired results are the same:
Scrubbing action
Oxidation

Scrubbing action
Undesirable gases (e.g. hydrogen
sulfide) enter the water either from
the air above the water or as a byproduct of some chemical or
biological reaction in the water.
The scrubbing action caused by the
turbulence of aeration physically
removes these gases from solution
and allows them to escape into the
surrounding air.

Oxidation
Aeration can help remove certain dissolved
gases and minerals through oxidation, the
chemical combination of oxygen from the
air with certain undesirable metals (iron
and manganese) in the water.
Once oxidized, these chemicals fall out of
solution and become suspended material in
the water. The suspended material can
then be removed by filtration.

Type of aeration method

Water into air
Air into water

Water into air

. The water-to-air method is designed to
produce small drops of water that fall through
the air.

Example of aerator of water into air

Cascade aerator
Cone aerator
Slat and coke aerator
Spray aerator

The aerator of water into air

Cascade aerator

Cone aerator

Spray aerator

Slat and coke aerator

Air into water

The air-to-water method creates
small bubbles of air that are injected
into the water stream
Example of aerator of air into water
Pressure aerator

4.2 ) Settling and

precipitation of colloidal
particle

Suspension
Suspension is a mixture containing large ,
dispersed particle that can settle out or be
separated by filtration.

Source:
http://www.search.ask.com/search?&apn_dtid=%5EBND533+%5EYY%5EMY&d=533257&atb=sysid%3D533%3Aappid%3D257%3Auid%3De29141436635d9fe
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%3DAPN10644&shad=s_0017&p2=%5EAG5%5EBND533+%5EYY%5EMY&apn_ptnrs=
%5EAG5&o=APN10644&gct=ds&q=example+of+suspension&tpr=10&ctype=pictures&i
mgsize=all&safeSearch=on&imgDetail=true

Colloid
Colloid is a mixture containing solid particles
small enough to remain suspended and not settle
out

Source :
http://www.search.ask.com/search?&apn_dtid=%5EBND533+%5EYY%5EMY&d=533-257&atb=sysid
%3D533%3Aappid%3D257%3Auid%3D1dd1ff7bede14ac0%3Auc2%3D518%3Atypekbn%3D1.1%3Asrc
%3Dds%3Ao%3DAPN10644&shad=s_0017&p2=%5EAG5%5EBND533+%5EYY%5EMY&apn_ptnrs=
%5EAG5&o=APN10644&gct=ds&q=colloid&tpr=10&ctype=pictures&imgsize=all&safeSearch=on&im
gDetail=true

Solution
Is a homogenous mixture of two or
more substance always transparent
and Particles of true solution cannot be
filtered through filter paper and are not
visible to naked eye.
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SaltInWa
terSolutionLiquid.jpg/220px-SaltInWaterSolutionLiquid.jpg

Water treatment process

Coagulation
Coagulation removes dirt and other
particles suspended in water.
Alum and other chemicals are added
to water to form tiny sticky particles
called floc" which attract the dirt
particles.

Flocculation
The combined weight of the dirt and
the alum (floc) become heavy
enough to sink to the bottom during
sedimentation.

Sedimentation
Surface water containing high turbidity
( e.g , from a muddy river). A
sedimentation process used to remove
gravel, sand, and other gritty material
from raw water before it enters the
filtration. This is usually done without
the use of coagulating chemicals

Filtration
The water passes through filters,
some made of layers of sand, gravel,
and charcoal that help remove even
smaller particles

Disinfection
A small amount of chlorine is added
or some other disinfection method is
used to kill any bacteria or
microorganisms that may be in the
water.

Storage
Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir in order
for disinfection to take place. The water then flows
through pipes to homes and businesses in the
community.

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