Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Challenges of a New

Century
Section 2: New Global
Communities
Visual Summary

Who is affected by
civil war?
Conflicts throughout the world have forced
millions of people from their homes. Violent
conflicts over border disputes in places like
Ethiopia and Eritrea have forced thousands
of people into refugee camps like the one
shown in this photo. Refugees depend
upon assistance from the international
community in order to survive. In this
chapter you will learn about efforts to solve
global problems.
What is the United Nations doing to
resolve and prevent conflicts around
the world?
Give an example of a problem in another
nation and explain how it affects the
United States.

Challenges of a New
Century
How has the Internet
served to increase
awareness of global
issues?

New Global
Communities
How have international
organizations, such as the
United Nations, taken the
lead in solving world
problems?

The BIG Idea

New Technologies Todays societies face many
challenges, and they must balance the costs and
benefits of the technological revolution.

Content Vocabulary
bioterrorism

greenhouse effect

ecology

sustainable development

deforestation

global economy

desertification

Academic Vocabulary
function

environment

People and Events

Neil Armstrong
Green Revolution
Rachel Carson
Kyoto Protocol
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Patriot Act

Global warming is a real and viable

threat to the world as we know it.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B

Technological Revolution
The benefits of the technological
revolution must be balanced against
its costs.

Technological Revolution (cont.)

New technological advancements such as
satellites, cable television, fax machines, cell
phones, and computers all helped create a
global world.
Technology and computers:
1948: IBM created the first computer with
stored memory.
1959: IBM marketed computers to
businesses and industries.

Technological Revolution (cont.)

1971: The microprocessor was created
and the personal computer was born.
1972: The Internet and electronic mail
were made available to the public.

Technological Revolution (cont.)

Technology and space exploration:
In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
landed on the moon.
Satellites are used for weather information
and communication signals.
In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope was
launched, giving detailed images of Earth,
our solar system, and distant galaxies.
In 2004, NASA sent two rovers to Mars and
plans to eventually land humans.

Technological Revolution (cont.)

Technology and weapons:
Nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons
have been used in bioterrorism.
In 2001, the U.S. experienced threats from
anthrax-filled letters.

Technological Revolution (cont.)

Technology and health care:
New medications enable doctors to treat
both physical and mental illnesses.
Computer imaging allows doctors to perform
difficult operations.
Organ transplants, valves, and pumps
enable people to live longer.
Stem cell research, genetic engineering, and
human cloning have sparked new ethical
debates in the field of medical research.

Technological Revolution (cont.)

Technology and agriculture:
The Green Revolution has promised
high-yielding crops.
Concern over the use of chemical-and
pesticides increased the demand for
organic farming.

The Global AIDS Epidemic

What is the Green Revolution?

A. The use of trees to
combat global warming
B. The development of
new strains of highyielding crops
C. The use of holistic medicines
D. The discovery of new
plants for use in medicines

A.
B.
C.
D.

A
B
C
D

Environmental Crisis
Environmental damage endangers the
worlds sustainable development.

Environmental Crisis (cont.)

In 1962, Rachel Carson warned of the
dangers chemicals and pesticides have on
the environment.
Carsons argument alarmed many scientists
and gave rise to the new science of
ecology.

Environmental Crisis (cont.)

Population growth has affected the
environment in three ways.
Deforestation: the clearing of forests to
provide more farmland or timber
Desertification: the formation of degraded
soil, turning semi-arid lands into
nonproductive deserts.
Destruction of tropical rainforests: rainforests
support 50 percent of the worlds plants and
animals, remove carbon dioxide from the air,
and return oxygen to the air

Environmental Crisis (cont.)

Chemical wastes are also damaging the
environment.
Chlorofluorocarbons are gases that
destroy the ozone layer.
Pollution from factories causes acid rain.
Global warming is the result of the
greenhouse effect.

Environmental Crisis (cont.)

In 2002, 150 nations signed the Kyoto
Protocol to work toward reducing emissions.
The European Union and Japan ratified the
treaty; the United States did not.
The United Nations has been encouraging
sustainable development to help conserve
all natural resources.

What subject in Rachel Carsons

warnings gave rise to the new
science of ecology?
A. Dangers of chemicals
and pesticides
B. Global warming
C. Deforestation
D. Destruction of
tropical forests

A.
B.
C.
D.

A
B
C
D

Poverty and Civil Strife

Poverty, hunger, and civil strife
continue to plague many developing
nations.

Poverty and Civil Strife (cont.)

A global economy developed after World
War II when the production, distribution, and
sale of goods reached a worldwide scale.
The global economy gave rise to a widening
gap between rich and poor countries.

Poverty and Civil Strife (cont.)

Rich/Developed Countries:
Well-organized industrial and agricultural
systems
Advanced technology
Strong educational systems
Examples include the United States,
Japan, Canada, and Germany

Poverty and Civil Strife (cont.)

Poor/Developing Countries:
Primarily agricultural nations
Little technology
Rapid population growth
Examples include nations in Africa, Latin
America, and Asia

Poverty and Civil Strife (cont.)

World hunger is a global issue with an
estimated 1 billion hungry people worldwide.
Poor soil, growing populations, economic
factors, and natural disasters contribute to
world hunger.
Civil wars often create food shortages by
disrupting normal farming. Warring groups
often try to limit access to food to destroy
enemies.

Poverty and Civil Strife (cont.)

Ethnic conflicts have involved genocide in
Darfur and ethnic cleansing of Bosnian
Muslims by Serbs.

Which of the following is not a

developed country?
A. Canada
B. Japan
C. Laos
D. Germany

A.
B.
C.
D.

A
B
C
D

Political and Social Challenges

Not all nations guarantee their people
basic human rights and equality.

Political and Social Challenges

(cont.)

In 1948, The United Nations adopted the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
which has helped to free political prisoners
and bring economic and political change.
Human rights violations still occur worldwide.
People have been persecuted by repressive
governments run by dictators or military
regimes in Cuba, Chile, Myanmar, Iraq, Iran,
and other countries.

Political and Social Challenges

(cont.)

Ethnic, religious, and racial hatred have led

to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of
people in Bosnia and Rwanda.
Military dictatorships or one-party
governments still exist in Africa, Asia, and
Latin America. South Korea, Taiwan, and the
Philippines hold free elections.
Women in industrialized countries have
steadily become equal to men, although men
still hold more top positions in business and
government.

Political and Social Challenges

(cont.)

In developing countries, some women are

not considered equal. They are forced to be
subordinate to men and are bound to their
homes and families.

Which organization has fought to free

political prisoners and affirm human rights?
A. United Nations
B. American Red Cross
C. World Trade
Organization
D. Kyoto Council

A.
B.
C.
D.

A
B
C
D

Challenge of Terrorism
Acts of terrorism, now a part of
modern society, have a worldwide
effect.

Challenge of Terrorism (cont.)

Terrorism became an increasing concern in
the 1970s and 1980s when terrorist attacks
gained worldwide media attention.
Terrorism is sometimes the act of militant
nationalists who want separate states, such
as the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
Terrorism can also be state-sponsored when
governments such as Iraq, Syria, Cuba, and
North Korea provide sanctuary and support
to terrorist organizations.

Challenge of Terrorism (cont.)

On September 11, 2001, the United States
witnessed one of the most destructive and
horrific acts of terrorism when planes were
flown into the World Trade Center towers
and the Pentagon. As a result, President
George W. Bush promised to wage war on
terrorism.
The Patriot Act was passed to help track
down terrorists, but many U.S. citizens argue
it is an invasion of privacy and constitutional
rights.

Challenge of Terrorism (cont.)

As a result of terrorism, airports around the
world have increased their security
measures.
Terrorism is complex and is rooted in various
issues:
Clash between Western and Islamic
cultures
Poverty and ignorance
Christian and Muslim hostility dating back
to the Crusades

Challenge of Terrorism (cont.)

Israeli-Palestinian conflict
U.S. support of the Middle East oil industry

Which government agency was created by

Congress in 2002 to coordinate efforts
against terrorism in the United States?
A. Central Intelligence Agency
B. Department of
Homeland Security
C. Federal Bureau
of Investigation
D. Bureau of Terrorism and Firearms

A.
B.
C.
D.

A
B
C
D

The BIG Idea

Order and Security The global economy and new
global threats have prompted organizations and
individuals to work on global problems.

Content Vocabulary
peacekeeping forces

grassroots level

nuclear proliferation

nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs)

globalization
multinational
corporation

disarmament groups

Academic Vocabulary
migration

projection

People and Events

Franklin Delano Roosevelt
World Bank
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Hazel Henderson
Elise Boulding

Problems in one part of the world can affect

people in other parts of the world.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B

The United Nations

The United Nations focuses on
international problems.

The United Nations (cont.)

The United Nations (UN) was founded in
1945 at the end of World War II in 1945.
U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt
believed in an organization that would work
for peace and human dignity.
The UN consists of a General Assembly,
Security Council, a secretary-general, and
five permanent membersU.S., Russia,
Great Britain, China, and France.

The United Nations (cont.)

Special agencies work under the UN and focus
on economic and social issues as well as
population growth and the environment.
The UN also provides peacekeeping forces
from neutral member states that settle conflicts
and aid in peace talks around the world.
The UN created the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1957 to
stop nuclear proliferation.
Percentage of Population That Is Literate

Which of the following countries is

not one of the five permanent
members of the UN Security Council?
A. Russia
B. Canada
C. China
D. France

A.
B.
C.
D.

A
B
C
D

Population and Migration

The ever-increasing world population
affects the world economy.

Population and Migration (cont.)

The UN estimates that the worlds population
is expected to increase 37 percent over the
next four decades.
Soon, the most populous nations in the world
will be developing countries. By 2050, India
will have surpassed China in population.
In 2000, European nations had the oldest
median population of any region in the world.
Life expectancies are expected to rise
worldwide after 2050.

Population and Migration (cont.)

An older population requires the taxes of
workers to cover the care of the elderly,
placing a strain on the economy.
People migrate for various reasons.
political reasons
to seek refuge
civil wars
famine

Population and Migration (cont.)

job opportunities
improved living conditions

Which of the following is a reason an aging

population can strain the economy?
A. Raises the birthrate
B. Workers taxes
are increased
C. Increase in credit card use
D. Fewer people in the
workforce

A.
B.
C.
D.

A
B
C
D

Globalization
International organizations and citizen
groups work to solve global problems.

Globalization (cont.)
Technology has led to globalization: the
process by which people and nations have
become more interdependent.
Globalization has led to cooperation between
citizen groups and transnational
organizations to work together to solve
global problems.
The World Bank was created to provide
grants, loans, and advice for economic
development in developing countries.

Globalization (cont.)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
was developed to oversee the global
financial system.
Both the World Bank and the IMF have been
criticized for imposing Western practices on
non-Western countries that only increase
their poverty and debt.
Multinational corporations have also been
developed as a result of globalization.

Globalization (cont.)
Global trade is an important component of
the global economy.
Many countries signed the General
Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) to
make trade easier between countries and
later created the World Trade Organization
(WTO).

Globalization (cont.)
Groups of nations have formed together to
create trading blocs.
European Union (EU)the largest trade
bloc worldwide
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC)

Globalization (cont.)
Globalization has encouraged social
movements to focus on the problems that
affect people worldwide.
peace
the environment
child labor
womens and mens liberation
technology

Globalization (cont.)
Social movements function on various
levels:
Grassroots levelcommunity wide
Transnationaldraw membership from
people in many countries
Nongovernmental Organizations
(NGOs)usually represented at the UN

Globalization (cont.)
Religious, peace, and disarmament groups
work together to limit the size of military
forces.
Hazel Henderson believes individuals can
be powerful agents of change.
Elise Boulding believes NGOs can educate
people to consider problems globally.

Globalization (cont.)
Being an active citizen, learning from the
past, and making good everyday choices will
have a positive effect on the future of world
civilization.

What is the largest single trade bloc

in the world?
A. NAFTA
B. EU
C. APEC
D. OPEC

A.
B.
C.
D.

A
B
C
D

THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

Advanced communication and
transportation systems are
linking the worlds people.
New technologies for exploring
space have increased our
understanding of the universe.
Weapons of mass destruction,
or WMDs, are a grim result of
the technological revolution.
Breakthroughs in medicine and
agriculture save lives, but some
raise ethical questions.

GLOBAL CHALLENGES
Deforestation, chemical
wastes, oil spills, and
nuclear accidents threaten
the environment.
Nations must conserve
natural resources to
achieve sustainable
development.
Poverty, hunger, and civil unrest plague many
developing countries.
Human rights violations occur worldwide.
Terrorism has become part of modern society.

GLOBAL SOLUTIONS
The United Nations works for
world peace and human
dignity.
Nongovernmental
organizations focus on issues
such as disarmament, child
welfare, and human rights.
Economic interdependence
has given rise to international
organizations to address
issues affecting the global
economy.

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bioterrorism
the use of biological and chemical
weapons in terrorist attacks

ecology
the study of the relationships between
living things and their environment

deforestation
the clearing of forests

desertification
formation of degraded soil, turning
semi-arid lands into nonproductive
deserts

greenhouse effect
global warming caused by the buildup
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

sustainable development
economic development that does not
limit the ability of future generations to
meet their basic needs

global economy
an economy in which the production,
distribution, and sale of goods take
place on a worldwide scale, as in a
multinational corporation

function
operate

environment
the complex factorsclimate, soil,
and living thingsthat act upon an
ecological community and determine
its form and survival

peacekeeping forces
military forces drawn from neutral
members of the United Nations to
settle conflicts and supervise truces

nuclear proliferation
the spread of nuclear weapons
production technology and knowledge
to nations

globalization
the movement toward a more
integrated and interdependent world
economy

multinational corporation
a company with divisions in more
than two countries

grassroots level
community level

nongovernmental organization
an organization that has no
government ties and works to
address world problems

disarmament group
a nongovernmental group that works
to limit the size of military forces and
weapons stocks

migration
the movement of people from one
country, place, or locality to another

projection
an estimate or a calculation

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