Cellular

Respiration
By: Katrina, Anne, Annika &
Ema

Introduction
Cellular respiration: The process of combining glucose
(C6H12O6) with oxygen (O2) to get carbon dioxide (CO2), water
(H2O), and usable energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
ATP: The molecule in which energy is stored for use by all
energy-consuming activities of the cell
One molecule of glucose can make up to 38 molecules of ATP

Glycolysis
The use of enzymes to breakdown glucose, and release energy and pyruvic acid
The breaking down of glucose
o Glyco = sugar
o Lysis = breaking
Occurs in cytoplasm
Breaking down of glucoses six-carbon ring into two, three-carbon molecules
known as pyruvic acids or pyruvate molecules
Uses two ATP to make four ATP, two ATP profit

Glycolysis Cont.
Other products:
o Two NADH molecules
o Two pyruvate molecules
Can take place without oxygen- an anaerobic process
o Pyruvates sent to fermentation
o Frees up more NAD+ molecules to continue glycolysis
N
A
D+

fun fact!
Fermentation creates some fun byproducts! Some organisms like yeast create
ethyl alcohol through fermentation, its what makes wine and that fun stuff!!
Sadly enough, when our muscles lack oxygen, they dont make ethyl alcohol, they
make lactic acid- the stuff that makes you feel sore after working out! But this
only happens when your muscles run out of oxygen, and glycolysis becomes an
anaerobic process.

FERMENTATION

Krebs Cycle

Also called the Citric Acid Cycle

Requires oxygen- aerobic process
Results in 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP
Turns pyruvate molecules into ATP and other energy storing molecules
Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Krebs cycle Cont.

Oxidizes pyruvate molecules (combines it with oxygen)
o Takes one of the carbons off of the three carbon chain
o Bonds carbon to an oxygen molecule, leaving CO2 as a waste product
Left is a two carbon chain- acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA)
NAD+ bonds with H+ ion, forms NADH

Three-carbon chain
Acetyl-CoA

CO2

Krebs Cycle Cont.

Enzymes bring together a phosphate and ATP, creates two more ATP molecules for
each pyruvate
Enzymes bond acetyl-CoA with a four-carbon molecule (Oxaloacetic acid), forms
a six-carbon molecule called citric acid

Krebs cycle cont.

Citric acid is oxidized, eventually recreates oxaloacetic acid
o Byproducts of this process are CO2
Citric acid creates CO2 when stripped of carbon
o Energy stored in FAD and NAD+
NAD+ and FAD pick up H+ and electrons from each pyruvate, which then charges
them like batteries
Hydrogen turns them into NADH and FADH2
o Each pyruvate yields one FADH2 and three NADH molecules

Electron Transport Chain

Requires oxygen- aerobic process
Where the bulk of ATP is made
o A very efficient cell can yield up to 34 ATP molecules
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 provide energy
o Works as a pump along a chain of protein channels in the inner mitochondrial
membrane
Protein channels take the electrons from NADH and FADH2
o send hydrogen protons from the matrix across the inner membrane to the
outer compartment of the mitochondria- the intermembrane space

E- transport Cont.
Hydrogen protons come out of the matrix
Hydrogen protons want to go back because of high concentration of protons in the
intermembrane space (concentration
To seek equilibrium (which nature loves to do), they flock to the ATP synthase
protein channel
The protein channel combines a phosphate, and ADP to create ATP

Bibliography

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellularRespiration.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/v/atp
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/601glycolysissum.html
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect12.htm