Diversity

Multipath propagation

Diversity principle

Space diversity

Polarization diversity

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Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / Multi Path Propagation

signals especially in cities consists of the direct wave and a lot of reflections

the reflections differ in amplitude, phase and polarization

summarized signal level varies a lot within short distances

Rx1

Rx2

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Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / Principle

unsymmetrical situation of downlink and uplink :

uplink (mobile) : limited power, small antenna
downlink (BTS) : high power, high antenna gain

Consequence : Diversity
the diversity concept bases on the idea to have two independent signals available
at the base station (two Rx antennas)
considering both signals results in avoiding nulls and improving the average signal
level (diversity gain)

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Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / Principle

Example for Combining

Diversity with two antennas

Combined Signal
20

20
0

Rx 2

-10 1

Rx 1

-20
-30

Signal level [dB]

10

10
Signal Level [dB]

0
-10

-20
-30
-40

-40
Time

Time

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Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / Principle

Maximal
MaximalRatio
RatioCombining
Combining

Selection
SelectionCombining
Combining

Logic

Amplitude
+ Phase

Switching between the two

signals and selecting the
better one
reachable diversity gain :
3 - 4 dB

Both signals are permanently

added with equalized amplitudes
and phase regarding
maximum signal/noise ratio
reachable diversity gain :
6 - 7 dB

Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / Principle

7
7
6
6
5
5

Maximal
MaximalRatio
RatioCombining
Combining

4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1

0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4

1 3
1 3 5 7
5 7 9 11
9 11 13
13 15
15 17 19
Signal
Difference
[dB]
Signal Difference [dB] 17 19 21
21 23
23 25
25

0.2
0.2
00

0
0

11
0.8
0.8

DiversityGain
Gain[dB]
[dB]
Diversity

8
8

CrossCrossCorrelation
Correlation

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Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / Space Diversity

space diversity uses two vertical polarized Rx

antennas (Rxa and Rxb) with a horizontal
spacing of 12-15

Omni base station

- 3 omni antennas
- Tx antenna on a higher level
> to achieve an ideal omni pattern
> to reach the required isolation
between Rx and Tx (>30 dB)

3m
3m

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Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / Space Diversity

Sector base station

- 3 directional antennas per
sector
- all antennas at the same
level due to better isolation
compared to omnis

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Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / Space Diversity

good diversity performance,

but big spacing required
expensive support structures
duplexers reduces the number
of antennas but not the applied
spacing
raising problems to receive
permissions from the land
lords to install antenna
systems

Without Duplexer

With Duplexer

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Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / H/V Polarization Diversity

polarization diversity uses two antennas

of orthogonal polarization
horizontal and vertical radiating
elements are combined in a common
radome
interlocked dipoles, same size of a
single antenna

Without Duplexer

Disadvantages :
good diversity performance only in cities
horizontal polarization cannot be used
for Tx
With Duplexer

1
0
Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / X Polarization Diversity

instead of horizontal and vertical

polarization the dipoles are slanted
+/- 45
identical situation for both
terminations
equivalent diversity results
compared to space diversity either in
cities or in rural areas
both terminations are suitable for Rx
and Tx

Without Duplexer

Xpol is the technology for future

systems !!
With Duplexer

1
1
Kathrein/Scholz 03/03

Diversity / X Polarization Diversity

instead of 9 resp. 6 antennas per base

station, only 3 Xpol antennas are
required
extremely reduced size
due to exellent isolation (> 30 dB for any
possible port combination), mounting on
a single pole mast with minimum spacing
specific 3-panel brackets available

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Kathrein/Scholz 03/03