CHAPTER (1)

Matter and Changes

Definition of Matter
Matter is anything that has: a) mass and b)

volume
Mass

is a measure of the amount of material in a

sample of matter.
Volume is a measure of the space occupied by a
sample of matter.
Matter is made up of very tiny units called atoms.
Each different type of atom is the building block of a

different chemical element.

The International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry (IUPAC) recognizes 112 elements, and all

matter is made up of just these types.
2

1_15

Classification of Matter

M
a
t
e
r
(m
a
te
ria
ls
)
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
e
s
S
u
b
s
ta
n
c
e
s
M
ix
tu
re
s
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
H
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
H
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
E
le
m
e
n
tsre
C
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
i
x
t
u
r
s
ix
tu
rs
a
ctio
n
s
(s
o
lu
io
n) m
3

Chapter
Lecture (2)
(1) MATTER
MATTER AND
AND CHANGES
CHANGES

Dr/
Dr/ A.
A. Abd
Abd El-Fattah
El-Fattah

Substances: Element or Compound?

Substances are either: a) elements, or b)
compounds
Elements: are the simplest kind of matter.
cannot be broken down any simpler and still
have properties of that element!

all elements are made of one kind of atoms.

Compounds: are substances that can be broken

down into simpler form only by chemical methods.
when broken down, the pieces have completely
different properties than the original compound.
made of two or more elements, chemically
combined (not just a physical blend!)
4

Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES

Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

Mixtures
Mixtures are a physical blend of at least two
substances; have variable composition. They can be
either:
1)

Homogeneous Mixture: are composed of two or more

components that are equally (uniformly) distributed
throughout the system, miscible (will dissolve), to
form one phase.
Examples: Sugar dissolved in water,
alcohol in water, Apple Juice

2)

Heterogeneous Mixture: are composed of two or more

components that are unequally (not uniformly)
distributed throughout the system, immiscible (will
not dissolve), to form different phases.

5
Example: Sand & water , Oil & water,
Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES
A. Abd El-Fattah
ChickenDr/noodle
soup

Properties of Matter
The properties of matter are generally grouped into

two broad categories: physical and chemical.

Physical Properties
A property that can be observed and measured
without changing the materials composition.
Examples: ductility, hardness, melting point, boiling
point
Chemical Properties
A property that can only be observed by changing the
composition of the material.
Examples: ability to burn, decompose, ferment,
6
react with, etc.

Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES

Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

States of Matter

Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES

Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

States of Matter

Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES

Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

States of Matter

Freeze

Condense

Mel
t

Evaporate

Solid

Liquid

Gas
10

Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES

Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

Important Definitions
Melting, or Fusion, is a phase transition of a
substance from a solid to a liquid.
Vaporization, is a phase transition of a
substance from a liquid phase to a gas phase.
Condensation, is phase transition of a substance
from gaseous phase into liquid phase. It is the
reverse of vaporization.
Freezing or Solidification is a phase transition of
a substance from liquid to solid under reduced
temperature.
Sublimation is the direct change from
the solid
phase to the gaseous phase without passing
through an intermediate liquid phase.
11
Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES

Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

Important Definitions
The melting point(m.p) of a solid is the
temperature at which it changes state from solid to
liquid.
The boiling point (b.p) is the temperature in which
a liquid boils or it is a point at which a liquid changes
to a gas.
The freezing point (f.p )is the temperature at
which a liquid solidifies under a specified
pressure.

12

Physical vs. Chemical Change

Physical change: A change in the visible
appearance, without changing the composition of
the material.
It Can be reversible, or irreversible.

Examples: Boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crack

Chemical change: A change where a new form of
matter is formed.

Examples: corrosion, burn, decompose,

ferment, precipitate formation

13