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  • Blood Vessels - Lesson 2 3

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    qwedcxzas
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    Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.

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    Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.

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    17 visualizzazioni15 pagine

    Blood Vessels - Lesson 2 3

    Caricato da

    qwedcxzas
    Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.

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    di 15

    Whats the Question?

    Come up with some questions where the key


    words below are the answers:
    Open circulatory system
    Blood vessels
    Body cavity
    Ostia
    Low pressure
    Tissue fluid
    Lumen
    Endothelium
    Elastic fibres
    Smooth muscle
    Collagen fibres
    High pressure

    Blood, Tissue Fluid and Lymph


    By the end of the lesson you will be able to:
    Explain the differences between blood, tissue fluid
    and lymph. (E)
    Describe how tissue fluid is formed from plasma.
    (C)
    Explain how effective blood pressure determines
    the direction of fluid movement. (A)

    Key definition
    Blood is the liquid held in our arteries,
    veins & heart.
    Tissue fluid bathes the cells of individual
    tissues
    Lymph is held within the lymphatic system

    Blood composition

    Plasma
    -55%
    RBC
    -40%
    WBC
    -5%

    Tissue fluid
    Bathes the cells of a tissue (hence the
    name!)
    Similar to blood (plasma) but without the
    cells or plasma proteins.
    Its job is to transport oxygen and nutrients
    to the cells from the blood and carbon
    dioxide and other wastes back to the
    blood from the cells.

    Artery linked
    to a vein by a
    capillary bed

    How is tissue fluid formed?


    Blood flows into a capillary in an organ
    The blood is under high pressure at the arteriole
    end of the capillary bed
    This is hydrostatic pressure
    This tends to push the blood fluid out of the
    capillaries through tiny gaps in the wall
    The fluid consists of plasma with dissolved
    oxygen and nutrients
    RBC & WBC are too large to be pushed out-as
    are plasma proteins
    Exchange of gases and nutrients takes place
    across plasma membranes by diffusion or
    facilitated diffusion

    Artery linked
    to a vein by a
    capillary bed

    A single capillary showing the relative hydrostatic and osmotic


    (water potential) forces

    Arteriole End Worked Example


    Effective HP = 4.3 1.1 = 3.2kPa
    Effective SP = -3.3 (-1.3)= -2kPa
    Effective blood pressure = 3.2 2 = 1.2kPa
    Therefore fluid pushed out of capillary

    How does fluid return to the blood?


    The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is not the
    only force acting on the fluid. The fluid itself has
    some hydrostatic pressure.
    This tends to push the fluid BACK into the
    capillaries.
    Both the blood and tissue fluid contain solutes
    giving them a negative water potential.
    The water potential of the tissue fluid is less
    negative than that of the blood.
    Therefore water moves back into the blood from
    the fluid by OSMOSIS.

    Now calculate the effective blood pressure and direction of flow


    for the venous end: Venous End Values (kPa):
    In capillary:
    HP = 1.6 SP = -3.3
    In tissue fluid:
    HP = 1.1 SP = -1.3

    A single capillary showing the relative hydrostatic and osmotic


    (water potential) forces

    Venous End Worked Example


    Effective HP = 1.6 1.1 = 0.5kPa
    Effective SP = -3.3 (-1.3)= -2kPa
    Effective blood pressure = 0.5 2 = -1.5kPa
    Therefore fluid pushed into the capillary

    Formation of lymph

    Not all tissue fluid is returned to the blood


    capillaries
    Excess fluid drains into the lymphatic system
    Eventually the lymph rejoins the blood
    It is similar in composition but with less oxygen
    and fewer nutrients, and fatty material that has
    been absorbed from the intestines
    Lymph contains lymphocytes which are produced
    at lymph nodes and which filter bacteria from the
    fluid
    This is part of our immune system which protects
    against infection

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