Sei sulla pagina 1di 41

Supply Chain

Management
PERTEMUAN 4 NETWORK DESIGN IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN

Presented By: Anggriani Profita, S.T., M.T.

Learning Objectives
After following this class, you will be able to:

Understand the role of network design in a supply


chain

Identify factors influencing supply chain network


design decisions

Develop a framework for making network decisions

Use optimization for facility location and capacity


allocation decisions

The Role of Network Design in the SC


What role
should
each
facility
play?
What
processes
are
performed
at each
facility?
Where
should
facilities
be
located?

Facility
Role

Facility
Locatio
n

Capacit
y
Allocati
on

SC
Network
Design
Decision
s

Market
&
Supply
Allocati
on

How much
capacity
should be
allocated
to each
facility?

What
markets
should each
facility
serve?
Which
supply
sources

The Role of Network Design in the SC

Network design decisions include identifying facility


roles, locations, and capacities as well as allocating
markets to be served by different facilities.

These decisions define the physical constraints within


which the network must be operated as market
conditions change.

Good network design decisions increase supply chain


profits, whereas poor network design hurts profits.

Tradeoff in SC Network Design

Tradeoff in SC Network Design


Aspek Tinjauan

Network 1

Network 2

Biaya transportasi pabrik gudang

Lebih besar

Lebih kecil

Skala ekonomi pengiriman

Lebih sulit

Lebih mudah

Kebutuhan sumber daya pengiriman

Lebih banyak

Lebih sedikit

Biaya transportasi gudang toko/pelanggan

Lebih kecil

Lebih besar

Rata-rata jarak pengiriman gudang toko/pelanggan

Lebih dekat

Lebih jauh

Fixed cost

Lebih besar

Lebih kecil

Waktu respon

Lebih cepat

Lebih lambat

Biaya inventory

Lebih tinggi

Lebih rendah

Risk Pooling
Dasar pemikiran: apabila demand suatu
produk antar wilayah bersifat independen
maka agregasi kebutuhan dari sejumlah
wilayah akan mengakibatkan penurunan
tingkat ketidakpastian.

Apabila ketidakpastian permintaan


tinggi maka sentralisasi inventory akan
mampu mengurangi tingkat persediaan
(terutama safety stock) yang dibutuhkan
untuk mencapai service level yang
sama.

Risk Pooling Policy


Policy

Sentralisasi
menciptakan
penurunan risiko
sehingga akan
mengurangi kebutuhan
safety stock
(dibandingkan dengan
desentralisasi).

Sentralisasi

Desentralisasi

Sentralisasi
inventory
terpusat di satu
tempat untuk
melayani semua
wilayah
permintaan

Desentralisasi
inventory ada di
masing-masing
wilayah
permintaan

Factor Influencing Network Design


Decisions
1

Strategic factors

Infrastructure factors

Technological factors

Competitive factors

Macroeconomic factors

Customer response

Political factors

Logistic & Facility costs

Strategic Factors

Competitiv
e Strategy

Cost leadership tend to find the lowest-cost


location, even if that means locating very far from
the markets they serve.

Network
Design
Decisions

Responsiveness tend to locate facilities closer


to the market and may select a high-cost location
if this choice allows the firm to react quickly to
changing market needs.

Technological Factors

High Fixed
Cost

Technology fixed
cost; if production
technology displays
significant
economies of scale,
a few high-capacity
locations are most
effective.

Low Fixed
Cost

If facilities have
lower fixed costs,
many local facilities
are preferred
because this helps
to achieve lower
transportation
costs.

Flexibility
Flexibility degree
of consolidation; if
technology is
flexible, it becomes
easier to
consolidate
manufacturing in
few large facilities
vice versa.

Macroeconomic Factors

01
Tariffs
Refer to any duties
that must be paid
when products and/or
equipment are
moved accross
international,
state/province, or city
boundaries.

02
Tax
TaxIncentives
incentives are a
reduction in tariffs
or taxes that
countries, states,
and cities often
provide to
encourage firms to
locate their
facilities in specific
areas.

03
Exchange Rate
When designing SC
networks, companies
must build
appropriate flexibility
to help counter
fluctuations in
exchange rates and
demand accross
different countries.

Political Factors

Companies prefer to locate facilities in politically stable


countries where the rule of commerce and ownership
are well defined.

Countries with indpendent and clear legal systems allow


firms to feel that they have recourse in the courts
should they need it.

Infrastructure Factors

Poor infrastructure adds to the cost of doing business from a given


location.

Key infrastructure elements availability of sites, labor


availability, proximity to transportation terminals, rail service,
proximity to airports and seaports, highway access, congestion,
and local utilities.

Competitive Factors

Companies
must consider
competitors
strategy, size,
and location
when designing
their supply
chain networks.

A fundamental
decision firms
make is
whether to
locate their
facilities close
to competitors
or far from
them.

The form of
competition and
factors such as
raw material or
labor
availability
influence this
decision.

Customer Response Time and Local


Presence

01

Firms that target


customers who
value a short
response time
must locate close
to them.

02

If a firm is
delivering its
product to
customers, use of
a rapid means of
transportation
allows it to build
fewer facilities and
still provide a
short response
time.

Logistics and Facility Costs


Logistics and facility costs incurred within a supply chain
change as the number of facilities, their location, and
capacity allocation is changed.

Inventory and facility costs increase as the number of facilities


in a supply chain increase.

2
3

Transportation costs decrease as the number of


facilities is increased.

If the number of facilities increases to a point where


inbound economies of scale are lost, then
transportation cost increases.

PHASE I Supply Chain Strategy


Define a firms broad supply chain design.
This includes determining the stages in the
supply chain, and whether each supply
chain function will be performed in-house or
outsourced.
PHASE II Regional Facility
Configuration
Identify regions where facilities will be
located, their potential roles, and their
approximate capacity.
PHASE III Desirable Sites
Select a set of desirable sites within each
region where facilities are to be located.
Sites should be selected based on an
analysis of infrastructure availability to
support the desired production
methodologies.
PHASE IV Location Choice
Select a precise location and capacity
allocation for each facility. The designed
network objective is to maximize total
profits taking into account the expected
margin and demand in each market, and
costs.

Framework for Network Design


Decisions

Models for Location Problems

Single Facility Location: Center of Gravity, Grid, Centroid.

Multi Facility Location: Multiple gravity, Mixed integer programming,


Simulation, Heuristics.

Capacitated Plant Location Model

Gravity Location Model

Is used to find the location that minimizes the cost of transporting raw materials from the points of
supply and transporting finished goods to the customers.

Let:
Xn, Yn : coordinate location of either a market or a supply point
Cn
: cost of shipping one unit for one km from or to location n the facility to be located
Dn
: Quantity to be shipped from or to location n to the facility
dn
: the distance to or from facility n to the facility

The distance dn is approximated as follows: (If (x,y) is the coordinate of the location of the facility)

dn ( x xn) ( y yn)

Type of Distance

Manhattan
Euclidean

Distance

Minkowski
Chebyshev
Mahalanobis

Gravity Location Model

If there are k supply and market points then total cost of transportation to and from the facility is:

TC

dnDnCn
n 1

The location that minimizes the TC can be obtained with the following steps:
1. For each supply or market position n, calculate dn as above
2. Obtain a new location (x,y) where:
k

x'

1.

DnCnxn
dn
n 1

y'

DnCnyn
dn
n 1

k
DnCn
DnCn
3. If the new location is almost
the
same
as
(x,y)
then
stop,
otherwise
set (x,y) = (x,y) and go to step

dn
n 1 dn
n 1

Gravity Location Model - Example

There are six existing


facilities. The new one ( a
warehouse) will serve all
six facilities.

Gravity Location Model The


Relevant Data
Xn

Yn

dn

Dn

Cn

5.1

100

1.5

7.2

700

1.8

12

14.4

200

2.5

12

13.0

150

1.9

10.3

400

1.7

15

15.3

200

2.1

Gravity Location Model - Calculation

First iteration using (x,y) = (0,0), Result (6.0, 6.4)


Xn

Yn

dn

Dn

Cn

DnCnXn/
dn

5.1

100

1.5

147.1

29.4

29.4

7.2

700

1.8

698.9

1048.4

174.7

12

14.4

200

2.5

277.4

416.0

34.7

12

13.0

150

1.9

263.1

109.6

21.9

10.3

400

1.7

330.2

594.4

66.0

15

15.3

200

2.1

411.8

82.4

27.5

2128.5

2280.2

354.2

Total

DnCnYn/
dn

DnCn/
dn

X=2128.5/354.2=6.0
Y=2280.2/354.2=6.4

Gravity Location Model - Calculation

Second Iteration: Result (5.4, 6.9)


Xn

Yn

dn

Dn

Cn

DnCnXn/
dn

5.5

100

1.5

136.6

27.3

27.3

2.0

700

1.8

2471.1

3706.6

617.8

12

5.9

200

2.5

672.7

1009.0

84.1

12

6.2

150

1.9

555.1

231.3

46.3

2.8

400

1.7

1220.5

2197.0

244.1

15

9.6

200

2.1

654.8

131.0

43.7

5710.8

7302.1

1063.2

Total

DnCnYn/
dn

DnCn/d
n

X=5710.8/1063.2=5.4
Y=7302.1/1032.2=6.9

Gravity Location Model - Calculation

Third Iteration: Result (5.1, 6.9)


Xn

Yn

dn

Dn

Cn

DnCnXn/
dn

5.9

100

1.5

126.8

25.4

25.4

1.7

700

1.8

3028.2

4542.4

757.1

12

5.7

200

2.5

698.7

1048.1

87.3

12

6.9

150

1.9

498.0

207.5

41.5

2.1

400

1.7

1590.5

2862.8

318.1

15

10.4

200

2.1

608.0

121.6

40.5

6550.2

8807.8

1269.9

Total

DnCnYn/
dn

DnCn/d
n

X=6550.2/1269.9=5.1
Y=8807.8/1269.9=6.9

Gravity Location Model - Calculation

Fourth Iteration: Result (5.1, 6.9)


Xn

Yn

dn

Dn

Cn

DnCnXn/
dn

5.9

100

1.5

127.0

25.4

25.4

1.5

700

1.8

3360.0

5040.0

840.0

12

5.8

200

2.5

687.5

1031.3

85.9

12

7.1

150

1.9

484.4

201.8

40.4

2.1

400

1.7

1611.8

2901.2

322.4

15

10.5

200

2.1

597.3

119.5

39.8

6868.0

9319.1

1353.9

Total

DnCnYn/
dn

DnCn/d
n

X=6868.0/1353.9=5.1
Y=6868.0/1353.9=6.9

Gravity Location Model - Calculation

Final Position:
Warehouse in (5.1,
6.9)

Warehouse

Capacitated Location Problem

Suppose there are

n factories in different locations to be selected to

satisfy demand in

m market areas. Each factory location is associated

with a fixed cost. The production and delivery costs to from each
factory to each demand point is known.

The problem to solve is: Which factory to open and from which factory
each market demand is fulfilled?

Capacitated Location Problem

Suppose:
i

= factory location (1, 2, n)

= demand point (1, 2, m)

Dj = demand of market area j


Ki

= capacity of factory i

fi

= annualized fixed cost for factory i

cij = cost of producing and delivering one unit of product from factory i to demand area j
yi

= 1 if factory i is selected, 0 otherwise

xij = the amount shipped from factory i to market j

Capacitated Location Problem

Minimise

fi yi cij xij
i

xij D j
i

xij Ki yi
j

xij 0; yi (0,1)

Capacitated Location Problem- Example

Capacitated Location Problem- Example


Cell

Cell Formula

Equation

Copied To

B28

=B9-SUM(B14:B18)

5.1

B28:F28

B22

=G14*H4+H14*J4SUM(B14:F14)

5.2

B22:B26

B31

=SUMPRODUCT(B14:F18;B4:F8
)+
SUMPRODUCT(G14:G18;G4:G8)
+
SUMPRODUCT(H14:H18;I4:I8)

Objective
Function

Capacitated Location Problem- Example


n

Min f i yi cij xij


i 1

x
i 1

ij

x
j 1

ij

i 1 j 1

D j j
K i yi i

yi 0,1
xij 0

Capacitated Location Problem- Example

Capacitated Location Problem- Example

The lowest-cost network will have


facilities located in South America, Asia,
and Africa high capacity.

The plant in South America should meets


the North America and South America
demand. Asia Europe + Asia, Africa
Africa.

All demand met, excess capacity in Africa


plant.

Potrebbero piacerti anche