Ec601 Database System Topic 4

EC601 DATABASE SYSTEM
TOPIC 4
Structured Query Language
4.1 Do database design using

SQL commands
4.2 Learn SQL Server/Open
source Software
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

4.1 Do database design using SQL commands
Introduction to SQL
What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query
Language
SQL lets you access and manipulate
databases
SQL is an ANSI (American National
Standards Institute) standard

SQL Syntax
SQL can be divided into two parts:
1.
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
2.
Data Definition Language (DDL).

SQL Syntax
The query and update commands form the DML part of
SQL:
SELECT - extracts data from a database
UPDATE - updates data in a database
DELETE - deletes data from a database
INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

SQL Syntax
The DDL part of SQL permits database tables to be created or
deleted.
CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
DROP TABLE - deletes a table
DROP DATABASE - deletes a database

1.0 DDL statements in SQL

CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
DROP TABLE - deletes a table
DROP DATABASE - deletes a database

CREATE DATABASE Statement

The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to
create a database.
SQL CREATE DATABASE Syntax

CREATE DATABASE dbname;

CREATE DATABASE Example

The following SQL statement creates a
database called "my_db":
CREATE DATABASE my_db;

CREATE TABLE Statement

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to
create a table in a database.
Tables are organized into rows and
columns; and each table must have a
name.

CREATE TABLE Syntax

CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type(size),
....
);

CREATE TABLE Syntax

The column_name parameters specify the names of
the columns of the table.
The data_type parameter specifies what type of data
the column can hold (e.g. varchar, integer, decimal,
date, etc.).
The size parameter specifies the maximum length of
the column of the table.

CREATE TABLE Example

To create a table called "Persons" that contains five
columns:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PersonID
LastName
FirstName
Address
City


We use the following CREATE TABLE
statement:
Example
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);


(
PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);
P_Id
LastName FirstName
Address
City

Final Exam Question
Disember 2012
Section A : Question 8
Write an SQL command to create relation for figure below:
Student_Data
NAME
AGE
STATUS
(4 marks)
SALARY

ALTER TABLE Statement

The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or
modify COLUMNS in an existing table.

ALTER TABLE Syntax

To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype
To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax
(notice that some database systems don't allow
deleting a column):
DROP COLUMN column_name

ALTER TABLE Syntax

To change the data type of a column in a table, use
the following syntax:
MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype

ADD COLUMN Example

To add a column named "DateOfBirth" in the "Persons"
table.
We use the following SQL statement:
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD DateOfBirth date;
P_Id
LastName FirstName
Address
City
Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah Ipoh
Suraya
Tamin
Tmn
Cempaka
Ipoh
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Kota Bharu
DateOfBirt
h

DROP COLUMN Example

To delete the column named "DateOfBirth" in the
"Persons" table.
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP COLUMN DateOfBirth
P_Id
1
2
3
LastName FirstName Address

City
Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah Ipoh
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Ipoh
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Kota Bharu

CHANGE DATA TYPE Example

To change the data type of the column named
"DateOfBirth" in the "Persons" table.
ALTER TABLE Persons
ALTER COLUMN DateOfBirth year
Notice that the "DateOfBirth" column is now of type

year and is going to hold a year in a two-digit or fourdigit format.

DROP TABLE Statement

The DROP TABLE statement is used to delete a table.
DROP TABLE table_name
DROP DATABASE Statement

The DROP DATABASE statement is used to delete a
database.
DROP DATABASE database_name

2.0 DML statements in SQL

SELECT - extracts data from a database
UPDATE - updates data in a database
DELETE - deletes data from a database
INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

SELECT Statement
The SQL SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set.
SQL SELECT Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
and
SELECT * FROM table_name

SELECT Statement
An SQL SELECT Example
Persons
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
The table above contains three records (one for each person)
and five columns (P_Id, LastName, FirstName, Address, and
City).

SELECT Statement
SELECT LastName,FirstName
FROM Persons;
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
The result-set will look like this:

LastName
Hasan
Suraya
Puteri
FirstName
Othman
Tamin
Karim
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

SELECT Statement
SELECT * FROM Persons
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

SELECT DISTINCT Statement

The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct
(different) values
SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

SELECT DISTINCT Statement

SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati

City
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

UPDATE Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table.
The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a
table.
SQL UPDATE Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The
WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should
be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be
updated!

UPDATE Example
UPDATE Persons
SET Address=Tmn Perdana', City=Ipoh'
WHERE LastName=Sani' AND FirstName=Jusoh
P_Id
1
4
5

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Naemah
Talib
Tmn Ria
Sani
City
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Jusoh

P_Id
1
2
3
4
5

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Naemah
Talib
Tmn Ria
Tmn
Sani
Jusoh
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu
Ipoh

UPDATE Warning
Be careful when updating records. If we had omitted the
WHERE clause in the example above, like this:
UPDATE Persons
SET Address=' Tmn Timah', City=' Ipoh '
P_Id
1
Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
2
Suraya
Tamin
Tmn Timah
3
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Timah
The result-set
will look
like this: Tmn Timah
4
Naemah
Talib
5
Sani
Jusoh
Tmn Timah
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Ipoh
Ipoh
Ipoh

DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
The DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.
SQL DELETE Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The
WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should
be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be
deleted!

DELETE Example
DELETE FROM Persons
WHERE LastName=Sani' AND FirstName=Jusoh
P_Id
1
2
3
4
5

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Naemah
Talib
Tmn Ria
Tmn
Sani
Jusoh
Perdana
City
Ipoh

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Naemah
Talib
Tmn Ria
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu
Ipoh

P_Id
1
2
3
4
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu

Delete All Rows
It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the
table. This means that the table structure, attributes, and
indexes will be intact:
DELETE FROM table_name
or
DELETE * FROM table_name
Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo
this statement

INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records/row
in a table.
INSERT INTO Syntax
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in TWO
forms.
The first form doesn't specify the column names where
the data will be inserted, only their values:
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
The second form specifies both the column names and the
values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)

INSERT INTO Statement (First Form)
INSERT INTO Persons
VALUES (4,'Naemah', 'Talib', Tmn Ria', 'Kota Bharu')
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

P_Id
1
2
3
4

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Naemah
Talib
Tmn Ria
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu

INSERT INTO Statement (Second Form)
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id, LastName, FirstName)
VALUES (5, Sani', 'Jusoh')
P_Id
1
2
3
4

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Naemah
Talib
Tmn Ria
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu

P_Id
1
3
4

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Naemah
Talib
Tmn Ria
Sani
Jusoh
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu

Final Exam Question
Disember 2012
State the function and write the SQL syntax of the term below:
a)
INSERT
b)
DELETE
(4 marks)
Jun 2013
Build the SQL command to insert a new record containing information
which is EC601,Database System,2 to COURSE table as in table
below.:
COURSE
CourseCode
CourseName
Credit

WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to filter records. The WHERE
clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a
specified criterion.
SQL WHERE Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value

WHERE Clause
WHERE City=Ipoh'
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

P_Id
1
2

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
City
Ipoh
Ipoh

Quotes Around Text Fields

SQL uses single quotes around text values (most database systems
will also accept double quotes).However, numeric values should not
be enclosed in quotes.
For text values:
This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove
For numeric values:
This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year=1965
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year='1965'

Operators Allowed in the WHERE

Clause
Operator
Description
=
<>
Equal
Not equal
>
Greater than
Less than
<
>=
<=
BETWEEN
LIKE
IN
Greater than or equal

Less than or equal
Between an inclusive range
Search for a pattern
To specify multiple possible values for a column

AND & OR Operators
The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on
more than one condition.
AND
The AND operator displays a record if both the first
condition AND the second condition are true.
OR
The OR operator displays a record if either the first
condition OR the second condition is true.

AND Operators
WHERE FirstName=Hasan'
AND LastName=Othman'
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

P_Id
1

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
City
Ipoh

OR Operators
WHERE FirstName=Hasan'
OR FirstName=Suraya'
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

P_Id
1
2

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
City
Ipoh
Ipoh

Combining AND & OR
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
LastName=Hasan'
AND (FirstName=Othman' OR FirstName=Tamin')
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

P_Id
1

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
City
Ipoh

ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by a
specified column.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending
order by default or descending order.
ORDER BY Syntax
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

ORDER BY DESC Example
ORDER BY LastName DESC
P_Id
1
2
3
4

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Naemah
Talib
Tmn Ria

P_Id
LastName FirstName
Suraya
Tamin
3
4
1
Puteri
Naemah
Hasan
Karim
Talib
Othman
Address
Tmn
Cempaka
Tmn Jati
Tmn Ria
Tmn Timah
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu
City
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu
Ipoh

SQL ORDER BY
ORDER BY LastName
P_Id
1
2
3
4

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati
Naemah
Talib
Tmn Ria
City
Ipoh
LastName
Hasan
Naemah
Puteri
City
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu

P_Id
1
4
3
2
Suraya
FirstName Address
Othman
Tmn Timah
Talib
Tmn Ria
Karim
Tmn Jati
Tmn
Tamin
Cempaka
Ipoh
Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu
Ipoh

SQL LIKE Operator
SQL LIKE allows you to perform pattern matching in your
characters column in a database table. SQL LIKE is often used
with SELECT statement in WHERE clause. MySQL provides you
two wildcard characters for use with LIKE, the percentage %
and underscore _.
Percentage (%) wildcard allows you to match any string of
zero or more characters
Underscore (_) allows you to match any sing character.

SQL LIKE Operator
Suppose you want to search all person in person table who
have first name starting with character a, you can do it as
follows:
SELECT LastName, FirstName
FROM Persons
WHERE
LastName
H%'
P_Id
LastName LIKE
FirstName
1
Hasan
Othman
Suraya
Tamin
Puteri
Karim
Address
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Cempaka
Tmn Jati
LastName FirstName
Hasan
Othman
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

SQL LIKE Operator
have first name ended with n, you can do it as follows:
FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName LIKE %n'
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Karim
Tmn Jati

LastName FirstName
Hasan
Othman
Suraya
Tamin
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

SQL LIKE Operator
have last name containing on string you can execute
following query :
FROM Persons
P_Id
LastName LIKE
FirstName
Address
WHERE
FirstName
%am%'
1
Hasan
Othman
Suraya
Tamin
Puteri
Kamal
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Cempaka
Tmn Jati
LastName FirstName
Suraya
Tamin
Puteri
Kamal
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

SQL LIKE Operator
Suppose you want to search all employees whose last name
are not starting with B you can perform the following query
FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName NOT LIKE t%'
P_Id
1
2
3

Hasan
Othman
Tmn Timah
Tmn
Suraya
Tamin
Cempaka
Puteri
Kamal
Tmn Jati

LastName FirstName
Hasan
Othman
Puteri
Kamal
City
Ipoh
Ipoh
Kota Bharu

The IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a
WHERE clause.
SQL IN Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...);

IN Operator Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers with a City
of "Paris" or "London":
Example
Cust
omer SELECT
CustomerName
* FROM ContactName
Customers
ID
1
Address
City
PostalCo
de
Country
WHERE City IN ('Paris','London');

Maria Anders
Obere Str.
57
Berlin
12209
Germany
Ana Trujillo
Emparedados y
helados
Ana Trujillo
Avda. de la
Constitucin
2222
Mxico
D.F.
05021
Mexico
Antonio Moreno
Taquera
Antonio Moreno
Mataderos
2312
Mxico
D.F.
05023
Mexico
Around the Horn
Thomas Hardy
120 Hanover
Sq.
London
WA1
1DP
UK
Berglunds
snabbkp
Christina
Berglund
Berguvsvge
n8
Lule
S-958
22
Sweden
Alfreds Futterkiste

SQL Date Data Types
MySQL comes with the following data types for storing a date
or a date/time value in the database:
DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD
DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
TIMESTAMP - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
YEAR - format YYYY or YY
Note: The date types are chosen for a column when you
create a new table in your database!

The BETWEEN operator is used to select values within a
range.
The SQL BETWEEN Operator
The BETWEEN operator selects values within a range. The
values can be numbers, text, or dates.
SQL BETWEEN Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

sss
Produ
ctID
ProductName
Suppl
ierID
Categ
Unit
oryID
Pric
e
Chais
10 boxes x 20
bags
18
Chang
24 - 12 oz bottles
19
Aniseed Syrup
12 - 550 ml
bottles
10
Chef Anton's
Cajun
Seasoning
48 - 6 oz jars
22
Chef Anton's
Gumbo Mix
36 boxes
21.3
5

BETWEEN Operator Example
The following SQL statement selects all products with a price
BETWEEN 10 and 20:
Example
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
NOT BETWEEN Operator Example
To display the products outside the range of the previous
example, use NOT BETWEEN:
Example
WHERE Price NOT BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

BETWEEN Operator with IN Example
The following SQL statement selects all products with a price
BETWEEN 10 and 20, but products with a CategoryID of 1,2, or
3 should not be displayed:
Example
WHERE (Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20)
AND NOT CategoryID IN (1,2,3);

SQL Constraints
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a
table.
If there is any violation between the constraint and the data
action, the action is aborted by the constraint.
Constraints can be specified when the table is created (inside
the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created
(inside the ALTER TABLE statement).
SQL CREATE TABLE + CONSTRAINT Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type(size) constraint_name,
....

In SQL, we have the following constraints:
NOT NULL - Indicates that a column cannot store NULL value
UNIQUE - Ensures that each row for a column must have a
unique value
PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE.
Ensures that a column (or combination of two or more
columns) have an unique identity which helps to find a
particular record in a table more easily and quickly
FOREIGN KEY - Ensure the referential integrity of the data in
one table to match values in another table
CHECK - Ensures that the value in a column meets a specific
condition
DEFAULT - Specifies a default value when specified none for
this column

SQL NOT NULL Constraint
The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept
NULL values.
The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a
value. This means that you cannot insert a new record, or
update a record without adding a value to this field.
The following SQL enforces the "P_Id" column and the
"LastName" column to not accept NULL values:
Example
CREATE TABLE PersonsNotNull
(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,

SQL UNIQUE Constraint
The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a
database table.
The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a
guarantee for uniqueness for a column or set of columns.
A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE
constraint defined on it.
Note that you can have many UNIQUE constraints per table,
but only one PRIMARY KEY constraint per table.

SQL UNIQUE Constraint on CREATE TABLE
The following SQL creates a UNIQUE constraint on the "P_Id"
column when the "Persons" table is created:
MySQL:
CREATE TABLE PersonsUnique
(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
City varchar(255),
UNIQUE (P_Id)
)

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in
a database table.
Primary keys must contain unique values.
A primary key column cannot contain NULL values.
Each table should have a primary key, and each table can
have only ONE primary key.

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint on CREATE TABLE
The following SQL creates a PRIMARY KEY on the "P_Id"
column when the "Persons" table is created:
MySQL:
(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
City varchar(255),
PRIMARY KEY (P_Id)
)

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint on ALTER TABLE
To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the "P_Id" column
when the table is already created, use the following SQL:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD PRIMARY KEY (P_Id)
To DROP a PRIMARY KEY Constraint
To drop a PRIMARY KEY constraint, use the following SQL:
MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP PRIMARY KEY

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint
A FOREIGN KEY in one table points to a PRIMARY KEY in
another table.
Let's illustrate the foreign key with an example. Look at the
following two tables:
The "Persons"LastName
table:
P_Id
FirstName
Address
City
Ola
Timoteivn
10
Sandnes
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
Hansen
2
Svendson
The "Orders"
table:P_Id
O_Id
OrderNo
1
77895
44678

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint
Note that the "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table points to the
"P_Id" column in the "Persons" table.
The "P_Id" column in the "Persons" table is the PRIMARY KEY
in the "Persons" table.
The "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table is a FOREIGN KEY in
the "Orders" table.
The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that
would destroy links between tables.
The FOREIGN KEY constraint also prevents invalid data from
being inserted into the foreign key column, because it has to
be one of the values contained in the table it points to.

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint on CREATE TABLE
The following SQL creates a FOREIGN KEY on the "P_Id"
column when the "Orders" table is created:
MySQL:
CREATE TABLE Orders
(
O_Id int NOT NULL,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int,
PRIMARY KEY (O_Id),
FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
)

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint on ALTER TABLE
To create a FOREIGN KEY constraint on the "P_Id" column
when the "Orders" table is already created, use the following
SQL:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ALTER TABLE Orders
ADD FOREIGN KEY (P_Id)
REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)

To DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint
To drop a FOREIGN KEY constraint, use the following SQL:
MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Orders
DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_PerOrders

Ec601 Database System Topic 4

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Ec601 Database System Topic 4

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EC601 DATABASE SYSTEM

4.1 Do database design using

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Data Definition Language (DDL).

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

1.0 DDL statements in SQL

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

CREATE DATABASE Statement

SQL CREATE DATABASE Syntax

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

CREATE DATABASE Example

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

CREATE TABLE Statement

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

CREATE TABLE Syntax

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

CREATE TABLE Syntax

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

CREATE TABLE Example

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

CREATE TABLE Example

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

CREATE TABLE Example

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

ALTER TABLE Statement

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

ALTER TABLE Syntax

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

ALTER TABLE Syntax

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

ADD COLUMN Example

Tmn Timah Ipoh

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

DROP COLUMN Example

LastName FirstName Address

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

CHANGE DATA TYPE Example

Notice that the "DateOfBirth" column is now of type

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

DROP TABLE Statement

DROP DATABASE Statement

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

2.0 DML statements in SQL

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

SQL SELECT Syntax

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

LastName FirstName Address

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

LastName FirstName Address

The result-set will look like this:

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

LastName FirstName Address

The result-set will look like this:

LastName FirstName Address

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

SELECT DISTINCT Statement

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE