HUMAN FACTORS

AND
ERGONOMICS METHODS
By :
Nadya Amalin
(1406582386)
Depok, 1 Desember 2014

TOPICS :

1.Cold Stress Indices

2.Heat Stress Indices
3.Thermal Comfort
Indices
4.Indoor Air Quality :
Chemical exposures

1. Cold Stress
Indices
Cold
Coldstress
stressisisdue
duetotothe
theheat
heatloss
lossexceeds
exceeds
heat
heatproduction
productionofofhuman
humanbody
body

Methods to Analyze Cold Strain

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Wind-Chill Indices
Required Clothing Insulation
Physiological Measurement
Thermal Sensation
Cold Strain Index
Conductive Heat Loss
Etc.

quantify the convective heat loss

caused by different combinations
of low ambient temperature and
air movements

1) Wind-Chill Indices

at W = -28 C frosbite possible : 30 minutes

at W = -40 C frosbite possible : 10 minutes
at W = -48 C frosbite possible : 5 minutes
at W = -55 C frosbite possible : 2 minutes

To calculate the required

thermal insulation of
clothing in a given thermal
environment and activity
level

2) Required Clothing
Insulation

based on measurements
of superficial skin and
body core temperatures
and sometimes also heat
loss.

The methods cited in

ISO 9886, include :
measurement of
skin temperature
body core
temperature
heart rate
body mass loss.

3) Physiological
Measurement

Thermal sensation

are recorded after the

question "How are you
feeling now?
( ISO 10551 )

4) Thermal
Sensation

The degree of thermal

discomfort is recorded after the
question "Do you find this?

.Continue

5) Cold Strain Index

Where :
CSI : Cold Strain Index
Tcore 0 : based on core at initial measurements
Tsk 0 : cold strain in real time at initial
measurements
Tcore t : based on core on simultaneous
measurements taken at any time t
Tsk t : cold strain in real time onsimultaneous
measurements taken at any time t

quantifies the cold

stress caused by
conductive heat loss
ISO NP 13732

6) Conductive Heat
Loss

gives time limits for contacting different

materials in different temperatures.

FINAL

2. Heat Stress
Indices
Heat
Heatstress
stressoccurs
occurswhen
whenthe
thebody
bodyisisnot
notable
able
totobalance
the
normal
body
temperature
balance the normal body temperature
because
becauseofofthe
theexternal
externalheat
heatload
load

Investigating Heat Stress

1) Review all the work injury logs/records caused by heat
stress problems
2) Interview the employee to find out the employee
complaints, what & where the potential heat sources
are, and what action to prevent.
3) Periodically inspect the heat sources by measuring the
temperature, calculate the heat load per employee and
determine the engineering controls
4) Determine the workload category of each job
performed in hot conditions (Light / medium / heavy
work)
5) Calculate a heat stress index
6) Choose strategies to control the heat stress

(4) How to Determine the workload category of each job

performed in hot conditions (Light / medium / heavy work)

Light work (>200 kcal/h)

Medium work (200 350 kcal/h)
Heavy Work (350 500 kcal/h)

Back

(5) How to Calculate heat stress index

Body
Measurement

Method to
calculate
heat stress
index

Environmental
Measurement

Others Heat
Stress Indices

Instrument:
Thermometer
Wet Bulb
Temperature
Index

Black globe
thermometer

Heat Stress
Instrument

Natural static
Wet bulb
thermometer

Heat Stress
Index (HSI)

Dry bulb
thermometer

Index of
Thermal Stress
(ITS)
Required
Sweat Rate
(SWreq)

Back

.Continue
er
t
e
om
m
r
The

Black globe
thermometer

Dry Bulb
Thermometer

b
Wet Bul
ter
Thermome

Back

Heat Stress Index

(HSI)
Where
Where ::

E
E req
req :: the
the sweat
sweat evaporation
evaporation required
required to
to maintain
maintain
thermoneutrality
thermoneutrality

E
E max
max :: the
the maximum
maximum evaporation
evaporation achievable
achievable in
in that
that
setting
setting

Back

improves on the HSI because it

recognizes that not all sweat evaporates
and that some is lost as droplets

Index of Thermal
Stress (ITS)

Back

It is a development of both
the HSI and ITS, and it calculates the
sweating required for heat balance

Required Sweat
Rate (SW req)

Back

Strategies to Reduce Heat Stress

1)Engineering Controls: increased ventilation, air
cooling, fans, shielding and/or insulation from
heat source.
2)Administrative and work controls: reduce
metabolic effort of work.
3)Worker controls: acclimatize the worker to the
hot environment and Personal monitoring (e.g.,
heart rate, recovery heart rate, oral
temperature, extent of body water loss, personal
heat stress monitor) of workers in extraordinary
conditions.

FINAL

3. Thermal Comfort
Indices
Predicts the presentage of thermal
sensation of a large group of persons as
a function of activity (metabolic rate),
clothing insulation, the environmental
parameter (air temperature, mean
radiant temperature, air velocity & air
humidity), and also thermally
dissatisfied person

Procedure to predict :
1) Metabolic Rate
2) Thermal Insulation of Clothing
3) Thermal Environment
Parameters
4) Local Thermal Discomfort

Metabolic rate is
depending on the activity,
the person, and the
conditions under which
the activity is performed.

1) Metabolic Rate
steady-state models for the prediction
of thermal sensation, seem to be
applicable after approximately 15 min
of constant activity

Clothing insulation can be

measured with a heated
thermal manikin, with
human subjects ,or estimates
based on tables may be
sufficiently accurate

2) Thermal Insulation
of Clothing

Measurement of the TEP should be

made in the occupied zones of the
building at locations where the
occupants are expected to spend
their time (at their workstations or
seating areas)

3) Thermal Environment Parameters

4) Local Thermal
Discomfort
Thermal neutrality for the body as a whole is a necessary,
but not sufficient, condition for thermal
comfort.
Local thermal discomfort due to draft, vertical
temperature gradient, radiant asymmetry, or warm or
cold floors may cause occupants to find the thermal
conditions unacceptable.
The most common
cause of complaint is draft, which is defined as an
unwanted, local cooling caused by air movement

Advantages :
1)

A flexible tool that predicts overall thermal sensation

and discomfort under many different
conditions indoors and outdoors
2) Very well known and has been used extensively by
professionals for many years
3) Incorporated in several standards and guidelines

Disadvantages :
1) Requires expensive measuring instrumentation or
qualified assessment of the thermal environment
2) Has clothing and metabolic rate as input, which, in
practice, may be difficult to assess in buildings
3) Performs best near thermal neutrality and at low to
moderate activity levels
4) Builds on a complex equation

Optimal operative temperature as a

function of clothing and metabolic rate

4. Indoor Air Quality :

Chemical Exposures
The quality of indoor air can have a dramatic effect on the
comfort, performance, and health of workers. If the
symptoms that workers report are accompanied by clinical
signs & the symptoms are not resolved upon leaving the
workplace, the worker may be suffering from a
buildingrelated illness

Indoor Air
Investigations

Cornell IAQ
short-form
survey

Kind of Indoor Air Pollutants

Pollutant Monitoring

IAQ Measurement Instrument

Handheld
pump and gas
detector tube
Direct-reading
formaldehyde
meter

Direct-reading
particle counter

Multichannel
IAQ monitor
and data logger

Filter cassette for

collecting dust samples

Low-volume
programmable
sample pump

Personal monitor,
passive badge
Sampler

High-volume
sample pump

.Continue

Thank You
for
Your Attention