Ethernet &

Ethernet over
SONET (EoS)

Ethernet: Quick Review

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Basic Ethernet Implementation

Broadcast Domain

PC A

PC B

PC F

PC C

PC G

PC E

PC D

PC H

PC J

Whoever transmits owns

the wire!
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CSMA/CD
If the bus is busy, do not transmit
If a collision occurs, back off and
retransmit

What is the problem of this network?

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How to improve the scalability?

Still use buses, but multiple domains
Use switches

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Switched Ethernet
1 2
PC
A

PC
B

3 4
PC
C

PC
D

Addr

Port

A switch has an internal forwarding table. When it received a

packet, it performs the following:
1.Gets the destination address from the packet header
2.Performs table lookup using the address
3.Obtains the output port number
4.Forward the packet to that output port
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Physical Layer:
Go Faster

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10M100M1000M10G

Motivations
101001000,

faster LAN
10G, extend Ethernet to WAN

Challenges
How

to accelerate the link speed (still using

the twisted pairs)
How to maintain compatibility

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Unshielded Twisted Pair

Differential signals
Low interference
Low cost
Easy to deploy
How can we use UTP to
support 10, 100, 1000
Mbps?

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10Base-T

Link encoding: Manchester code

Can we extend this to 100Base-T?

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100Base-T

How to achieve 100 Mbps on the line without

significantly increasing the clock frequency?
Multi-Level Transition 3 (MLT3) code
Bandwidth = bit rate
4B/5B encoding for synchronization
(100 * 5/4 )*1/4=31.25 MHz

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Power Density Spectrum (PDS)

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Synchronization and 4B/5B Encoding

What would be the problem if we

convert bit streams to MLT-3
waveform?
If the bits are 000000000000000, the
corresponding MLT-3 will be flat!
Flat signalno way to recover the
clock to reach synchronization
Solution: 4B/5B
Use 5 bits to represent 4 bits based on the
table (left)
This guarantees there would not be long
consecutive 0s

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1000Base-T

Use 4 parallel channels

Each channel

250 Mbps
5-level pulse amplitude
modulation (PAM5)
{-2, -1, 0, 1 2}
125 Mbaud
Spectrum about the same as
MLT-3
0 used for FEC

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10G Ethernet
Designed for WAN
Optical fiber based
Copper version newly developed

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Compatibility

Frame format
Keep

the same

Link operation mode

Perform

auto-negotiation before data

exchange

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Ethernet over SONET/SDH

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Why EoS?

Existing infrastructures
Ethernet

LAN
SONET MAN/WAN

Requirement
Interconnect
WAN

LANs within a MAN

access

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Protocol Stack
user1

user2

SONET

IP

IP

LLC

LLC

MAC

MAC

PHY

PHY

MAC

MAC

GFP

GFP

GFP

PHY

PHY

PHY

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MAC

MAC

PHY

PHY

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Things to do

Mapping
Ethernet

based.

is packet-based, SONET is circuit-

Capacity adaptation
Ethernet:

10M, 100M, 1G, 10G

SONET: 51.84M, 155.52M, 622.08M, 2.488G

Bandwidth adjustment
Non-fixed

bandwidth provisioning

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GFP-Generic Framing Procedure

Pure SONET
Optimized

for voice, not for data

Mapping from data to circuit needed

Problems of existing encapsulation

protocols
HDLC
ATM

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GFP-Generic Framing Procedure

Question: What to send during the interval of two packets?

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VCAT-Virtual Concatenation

Fact:
Mismatch

Requirement:
Achieve

high bandwidth efficiency

Solution:
Group

between Ethernet & SONET bandwidth

a number of circuits for higher bandwidth

Main problem to solve:

Different

delay along different circuits

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VCAT: Bandwidth Efficiency

Service

Bit Rate

Utilization Without
VCAT

Utilization with
VCAT

Fast
Ethernet

100 Mbps

STS-3c/VC-4 (67%)

STS-1-2v/VC-32v (100%)

1000 Mbps

STS-48c/VC-4-16c
(42%)

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Gigabit
Ethernet

STS-3c-7v/VC4-7v (95%)

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LCAS-Link Capacity Adjustment

Scheme
Dynamically adjust link capacity
Adjustment without traffic loss
Benefit

Bandwidth

on demand
Quality of Service
Load balancing
Fault tolerance
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Architecture of Line Card

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Carrier Ethernet: Extending

to Metro and Wider Areas

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Virtual LAN (VLAN)

In this network, all
the computers are
interconnected using
Ethernet switches
Without special
configuration, they
can see each other.

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Virtual LAN (VLAN)

We want to make
the network looks
like three
independent LANs:
VLAN1, VLAN2,
VLAN3
How?

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IEEE 802.1Q VLAN

Extend the MAC
header to include
a VLAN ID
In a switch, a
VLAN ID is
associated with
certain ports.

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VLA
N3

Virtual LAN (VLAN)

1
AN
VL

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Extending to More VLANs

802.1Q supports up to 4096 VLANs only
802.1AD extends this to include two VLAN
IDs

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Going to Wider Area

Goal: to interconnect multiple Ethernet networks

through a backbone so that they look like a LAN

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Basic Idea

Use MPLS LSPs or IP tunnels to build a full

mesh

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What are the Issues?

If we think the core network as a

giant switch, what does this
switch do?
Why we say MAC address
space is flat?
Why flat address space causes
problem?
What about ARP?
Can we avoid broadcast storm?

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The Big Issue

Scalability
Each

edge router has to know the MAC

address of every single computer!
Full mesh would not scale well

Solution
Use

a hierarchical architecture

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Provider Backbone Bridges

CE: customer edge
PEB: provider edge
bridge
PB: provider bridge
IB-BEB: I-type
backbone
edge bridge,
processing ITag
BCB: backbone core
bridge
B-BEB: B-type
backbone
edge bridge,
processing BTag
PE-BEB: provider
edge bridge

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