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Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Chemical in fuels
Thermal sensible
and latent
Mechanical
Electrical
Basic electricity
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Voltage
This is what pushes electricity through a circuit the driving force
Units are Volts (V)
Current
This is what is pushed through by the voltage the flow
Units are Amperes (A) (Amps, for short)
DME Building Energy
Electrical power
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
AC/DC
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
310
220
220
-310
1/50 sec
Calculating power
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
60-75%
9
310
220
220
-310
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
-310
10
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
11
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Add capacitance
At service entrance
In distribution system
At point of use e.g. on motors
12
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
13
What is efficiency?
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Efficiency =Outpu
x
100%
t
Input
Device
Efficiency Input Output
Electric Heat
Pumps/Fan
Air Compressor
14
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
15
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
16
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
0 C for Water
Ice
Sensible
Heat
Heat Removed
Sensible
Heat
Latent Heat
Sensible
Heat
Heat Added
17
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
18
Quality of heat - a
question of usefulness
The 100 litres will
be heated by
immersing its
container in one of
the larger
containers.
100 litres
@ 20 C
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Required Temperature: 60 C
Required Energy: 16,800 kJ
1000 litres @ 40 C
84,000 kJ
19
Heat transfer
mechanisms
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Radiation
Forced
Convection
Large Body @ 20 C
Small Body
@ 60 C
Air &
Surrounding
@ 20 C
Convection
Conduction
20
Thermal resistance of
insulation
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
R = thickness/thermal conductivity
21
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Types:
Fibrous
Cellular
Granular
Forms:
Rigid board
Flexible sheet
Flexible blankets
Cement
DME Building Energy
22
Protective coverings
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Weather barrier
Vapour retarder
Mechanical protection
Fire and corrosion resistance
Appearance coverings and finishes
Hygienic coverings
DME Building Energy
23
q = (Th4 - Tc4) A
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Controlled by
selecting lowemissivity materials
DME Building Energy
24
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Q = U x A x (T2 - T1)
Q=FxL
Refrigeration:
Air flow:
Q = V x (T2 - T1) x 1.232
Humid air:
Q = V x (H2 - H1) x 3.012
In liquids:
Q = COP x Power to
Compressor (kW)
Steam leaks:
Q = M x h / 3600
Q = M x (T2 - T1) x C x
1000
25
Module 3: Overview of
Building Energy Audits
DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGY
DME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
A Systematic Approach to
Energy Auditing
Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
27
What is energy
auditing?
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
An
Anenergy
energyaudit
auditisisdeveloping
developingan
anunderstanding
understandingof
ofthe
thespecific
specificenergy
energy
using
patterns
of
a
particular
facility.
using patterns of a particular facility.
Carl
CarlE.
E.Salas,
Salas,P.E.
P.E.
28
How is energy
management done?
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Purchase energy
supplies at the
lowest possible
price.
Manage energy use
at peak efficiency.
Utilize the most
appropriate
technology.
DME Building Energy
29
Managing Technology
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
No cost housekeeping
measures
Low cost - some
technology, lots of
people input
High cost - capital
investment
DME Building Energy
30
Energy consuming
systems in buildings
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
O r g a n iz a t io n /
S ite
B u ild in g A
D e p a r tm e n t A
S y s te m A
E q u ip m e n t A
E q u ip m e n t B
B u ild in g B
D e p a rtm e n t B
S y s te m B
E q u ip m e n t C
D e p a r tm e n t C
S y s te m C
E q u ip . . .
D e p a rtm e n t ...
S y s te m _
E q u ip . ..
E q u ip . . .
S y s te m _
E q u ip . . .
E q u ip . . .
31
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Solar
Energy Inflow
Process Exhaust
Boiler Stack Loss
Ventilation
Exhaust
Window
Heat Loss
Electricity
Energy Inflow
Wall
Heat Loss
32
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Detailed Audit
Greater detail in
assessment of
specific areas
Identifies specific
EMOs
33
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
34
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
35
Preliminary data
analysis
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
36
Preliminary Audit
Purpose
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Steps
MJ/m2/year
historical analysis
collect building
data
demand profile
walk-through
tariff analysis
demand index
2
VAaverage/m 2/month
DME Building Energy
37
Preliminary audit
findings
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Building
performance
indices
Demand profile
analysis
Potential savings
opportunities
Confirmation of
tariff
DME Building Energy
38
Detailed audit
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Steps
Purpose
identify specific
measures to reduce
consumption,
demand, cost
39
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
40
Ten Steps
Preliminary Client Meeting and
Historical Data Analysis
1. Conduct a Walk-through
Inspection
2. Analyze Energy Consumption
and Costs
3. Compare Energy Performance
4. Establish the Audit Mandate
5. Establish the Audit Scope
6. Profile Energy Use Patterns
7. Inventory Energy Use
8. Identify Energy Management
Opportunities
9. Assess the Benefits
10.
Report for Action
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
PreliminaryAudit
AuditPlan
IniMeet
talCliniegnt
(4)DettMandat
erminee
Audi
(5)DefScope
ineAudit
(1)Detthraoiughs
ledWalk-
EMOs
(6)AnalgyUse
yse
Ener
Patterns
(Ener
7)IngventyUseory
EMOs
(8) IdentifyEMOs
HisAnal
toricyalsiDats a
(1)WalPrk-ethlimroinughary
(2)EnerAnalgyyse
Consumpt
Costsion&
(3)Compar
Analysisative
DetailedAudit
EMOs
EMOs
EMOs
EMOs
EMO
Assessment
Required
Detailed
Assessment
(9)Benef
Assessits the
EngineeringStudy
(10)forAudiActtRepor
ion t
EngineeringReport
41
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
42
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
43
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
H is t o r ic a l D a t a
A n a l y s is
( 1 ) P r e lim in a r y
W a lk - t h r o u g h
( 2 ) A n a ly s e
Ene rgy
C o n s u m p t io n &
C o s ts
44
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
( 1 ) P r e lim in a r y
W a lk - th r o u g h
( 2 ) A n a ly s e
E n e rg y
C o n s u m p t io n &
C o s ts
( 3 ) C o m p a r a tiv e
A n a ly s is
45
Step 3: Comparative
analysis
Two kinds of
comparison:
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
( 1 ) P r e lim in a r y
W a lk - th r o u g h
Internal - period to
period, site to site;
External - to
standards of
performance
established in the
buildings sector.
( 2 ) A n a ly s e
E n e rg y
C o n s u m p tio n &
C o s ts
( 3 ) C o m p a r a t iv e
A n a ly s is
46
Data analysis
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Energy density:
MJ/m2/year
Demand density:
VAaverage/m2/month
Correlation with
weather - HDD and
CDD
47
Performance indices
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Consumption
MJ/m2/year
Demand
VAaverage/m2/month
48
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Climate
Facility size & Age
Schedules
Equipment type
Building design
Processes
Organisational
culture
Behaviour
49
Types of comparisons
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
External benchmarks
Internal benchmarks
multiple facilities
Historical consumption
Trends and patterns
50
Benchmarking is
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
51
Selected benchmarks
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Demand intensity
VA/m2
relates to size/number of electricity consumers
52
Best practices
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Internal sources:
Individuals/groups
Best historical performance
DME Building Energy
53
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Investigate the
differences
The
opportunities lie
in the
differences
54
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
A u d it P la n
( 4 ) D e te r m in e
A u d it M a n d a t e
( 5 ) D e f in e A u d it
S cope
55
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
A u d it P la n
( 4 ) D e t e r m in e
A u d it M a n d a te
( 5 ) D e f in e A u d it
S cope
56
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
( 1 ) D e t a ile d W a lk th ro u g h s
EM O s
( 6 ) A n a ly s e
E n e rg y U s e
P a tte r n s
EM O s
(7 ) In v e n to r y
E n e rg y U s e
EM O s
57
Step 7: Inventory
energy loads
Electrical load
inventory:
How much and how
fast?
Where?
Thermal load
inventory:
An energy flow diagram
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
( 6 ) A n a ly s e
E n e rg y U s e
P a tte rn s
EM O s
(7 ) In v e n to ry
E n e rg y U s e
EM O s
( 8 ) I d e n t if y E M O s
58
(7 ) In v e n to ry
E n e rg y U s e
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
EM O s
( 8 ) I d e n tif y E M O s
EM O
A ssessm ent
R e q u ir e d
59
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
EM O
A ssessm ent
R e q u ir e d
(9 ) A s s e s s th e
B e n e f its
( 1 0 ) A u d it R e p o r t
f o r A c tio n
60
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Costs
direct
implementation
costs
direct energy costs
indirect energy
costs
O&M cost increase
61
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
EM O
A ssessm ent
R e q u ir e d
(9 ) A s s e s s th e
B e n e f it s
( 1 0 ) A u d it R e p o r t
f o r A c t io n
62
Module 4: Historical
Energy Assessment
DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGY
DME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
64
Analyzing performance
requires energy data
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
320
280
240
ABC Facility
Energy Cost
$40,000
200
160
Demand Cost
120
$30,000
80
40
$20,000
0
0
200
GJ = 0.395 x HDD + 12
400
600
Weather ( HDD )
[ R-sq = 0.91 ]
800
1000
$10,000
$0
Feb
Jan
Apr
Mar
Jun
May
On-Peak Energy
Aug
Jul
Off-Peak Energy
Oct
Sep
Dec
Nov
Demand
65
Data requirements
Historical energy
consumption data
Metered energy
consumption
Building configuration
Weather data
Energy system
nameplate data
mechanical, electrical,
architectural plans and
specifications
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
building automation
system (BAS)
documentation
maintenance logs
key plans (floor plans)
contact information
for building
operational personnel
or service contractors
66
Instrumentation for
auditing
Electric Power Meter
Combustion Analyzer
Digital Thermometer
Infrared Thermometer
Psychrometer (Humidity
Measurement)
Air Flow Measurement
Devices
Tachometer
Ultrasonic Leak Detector
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
67
Hand-held wattmeter
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
68
Single-phase
connections
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
69
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
70
Combustion analysis
Flue Gas (T S)
Fuel
- carbon
- hydrogen
- sulpher
Combustion
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
- CO2
- nitrogen, NOx
- water
- excess air
- SOx
- VOC
- CO
Heat
(75- 85%)
71
Light level
measurement
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Table 5.14
RECOMMENDED ILLUMINANCE LEVELS,
POWER DENSITIES AND SURFACE REFLECTANCES
Area and Task
Illuminance
Power DenReflectances %
sity
2
W/m
Ceiling Walls
Floor
Offices - accounting
- drafting
general
Corridors
Lobbies
Cafeterias and Kitchens
Lecture Rooms
Toilet Areas
Laboratories
Production - general
Warehouses
Roadways
Parking
750 - 950
750 - 950
540 - 700
25
25
18
210
320
320 - 500
5.5
9
540 - 700
320
750 - 950
750 - 950
320
50
50
70 - 80 40 - 60 20 - 40
70 - 80 40 - 80 20 - 40
14
18
9
25
25
9
2
2
70 - 80 40 - 60 20 - 40
70 - 80 40 - 80 20 - 40
72
Temperature
measurement
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
73
Humidity measurement
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
74
Static pressure
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
75
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
76
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
77
An electricity tariff
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Administrative
charge
Demand charge
per kVA
May be time of use
on-peak/off-peak
78
Analysing the
electricity billings
Electricity Consumption Data
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Location:
ABC Facility
Billing
Metered
Date
kVA
01/01/99
02/01/99
03/01/99
04/01/99
05/01/99
06/01/99
07/01/99
08/01/99
09/01/99
10/01/99
11/01/99
12/01/99
Totals/Max
Metered
Power
kW
Factor
1,800.0
1,900.0
1,400.0
1,850.0
1,870.0
2,200.0
1,560.0
1,570.0
1,950.0
2,300.0
2,100.0
2,400.0
2,400.0
Billed
kW
1,800.0
1,900.0
1,400.0
1,850.0
1,870.0
2,200.0
1,560.0
1,570.0
1,950.0
2,300.0
2,100.0
2,400.0
2,400.0
Energy
Daily
kWh
Days kWh
1,006,703
30
33,557
1,206,383
31
38,916
842,286
28
30,082
1,102,176
31
35,554
1,213,021
30
40,434
1,339,599
31
43,213
850,195
30
28,340
948,747
31
30,605
1,213,798
31
39,155
1,373,054
30
45,768
1,347,059
31
43,454
1,024,475
30
34,149
13,467,496 364
Load
Factor
78%
85%
90%
80%
90%
82%
76%
81%
84%
83%
86%
59%
Demand
Cost
$21,250
$22,750
$15,250
$22,000
$22,300
$27,250
$17,650
$17,800
$23,500
$28,750
$25,750
$30,250
$274,500
Energy
Cost
$50,365
$56,441
$42,144
$53,315
$56,641
$60,438
$42,540
$47,467
$56,664
$61,442
$60,662
$50,984
$639,104
Adjust
(+/-)
($11,147)
($13,204)
($9,263)
($12,132)
($13,252)
($14,716)
($9,438)
($10,429)
($13,308)
($15,111)
($14,731)
($11,685)
($148,415)
Sub
Total
$71,615
$79,191
$57,394
$75,315
$78,941
$87,688
$60,190
$65,267
$80,164
$90,192
$86,412
$81,234
$913,604
Total
Cost
$64,701
$70,607
$51,501
$67,606
$70,287
$78,080
$54,304
$58,677
$71,536
$80,337
$76,699
$74,418
$818,752
100%
80%
2,000.0
60%
1,500.0
78%
85%
90%
90%
80%
82%
76%
86%
81% 84% 83%
59%
40%
500.0
20%
0.0
0%
Energy Cost
Oct-99
Nov-99
Sep-99
Jul-99
Jun-99
Dec-99
Nov-99
Oct-99
Sep-99
Jul-99
Aug-99
Jun-99
May-99
Apr-99
Mar-99
Jan-99
Feb-99
Apr-99
10,000
May-99
20,000
Mar-99
Cost ($)
30,000
Jan-99
40,000
Demand Cost
$100,000
$80,000
$60,000
$40,000
$20,000
$0
Feb-99
50,000
Aug-99
1,000.0
Dec-99
2,500.0
79
Location:
Load factor
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
78%
85%
90%
90%
40%
80%
82%
76%
86%
81% 84% 83%
59%
20%
0%
80
Graphical analysis of
historical energy use
Building "A"
Building "B"
Gas Space Heat & Gas Domestic Hot Water, Electric A/C
16,000
12,000
Equivalent kWh
Equivalent kWh
14,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Monthly Electricity Consumption
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Building "C"
Building "D"
12,000
12,000
10,000
10,000
Equivalent kWh
Equivalent kWh
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Monthly Electricity Consumption
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Monthly Electricity Consumption
81
Calculating degree-days
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
82
Correlation of energy
consumption to degree-days
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
83
Module 5: Energy
Assessment - Demand
Analysis
DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGY
DME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
85
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2
1
4
3
6
5
8
7
10
9
12
14
16
11
13
15
Hour of the Day
18
17
20
19
22
21
24
23
86
An Electrical
Fingerprint
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
K ilo w a tts
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Time of Day (00:00 - 24:00)
87
Patterns Revealed
Peak Demand
Night Load
Start-Up
Shut-Down
Weather Effects
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
88
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
89
Obtaining a Demand
Profile
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
90
Obtaining a demand
profile
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
L1
L2
L3
CLIP-ON AMMETER
POWER
CHART
START
DC
AC
RECORDER
STOP
OFF
ON
91
3 phase measurement
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
92
Daily or monthly
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
M
onthlyDem
andProfile
2000
15m
inutedem
andinterval
1800
1600
kilowatts
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Dayof theM
onth
93
Meter response
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Load
adisconnected
different response
Load
connected
94
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
20
15
10
95
Savings opportunities
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
96
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
97
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
98
Analyse this!
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
99
Module 6: Energy
Assessment - Load Inventory
DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGY
DME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Understanding where
energy is used
Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
101
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
102
Why inventory?
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
A/C
40.0%
Energy
Plug Power
Lights
40.0% 35.0%
Lights
50.0%
A/C
15.0%
103
Inventory calculations
Item
Units
Quantity
(a number)
Unit Load
kW
Total kW
kW
Hrs/Period
hours
kWh/Period
kWh
Diversity Factor
(Divty Factor)
0 - 100%
Peak kW
kW
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Formula
Total kW x Hrs/Period
kW x Diversity Factor
104
Demand breakdown
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Demand
DemandBreakdown
Breakdown
Other
Other
25%
25%
Lighting
Lighting
50%
50%
Motors
Motors
25%
25%
105
Peak demand
breakdown
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Peak
PeakDemand
DemandBreakdown
Breakdown
Other
Other
28%
28%
Lighting
Lighting
45%
45%
Motors
Motors
27%
27%
106
Energy breakdown
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Energy
EnergyBreakdown
Breakdown
Other
Other
13%
13%
Lighting
Lighting
52%
52%
Motors
Motors
35%
35%
107
Sample inventory
Loads
Fluorescent F96
Incandescent 100 w
400w MH Lights
Compressor.(60HP)
Pump (20 HP)
Micro-Wave
Coffee Machine
Total
Qty
4
24
21
1
1
1
2
Unit
Total
Diversity
KW
KW
Factor
0.165
0.66
1
0.1
2.4
0.9
0.465
9.765
1
50
50
1
16
16
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.1
1.5
3
1
83
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Peak
KW
Hours
0.7
300
2.2
100
9.8
420
50.0
400
12.0
400
0.1
2
3.0
200
77.7
KWH
198
240
4,101
20,000
6,400
2
600
31,541
108
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Process Exhaust
Boiler Stack Loss
Ventilation
Exhaust
Window
Heat Loss
Electricity
Energy Inflow
Wall
Heat Loss
109
Thermal energy
inventory
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Example
Equipment/Functions
Conduction
Wall, windows
Building structure.
General exhaust
Dryer exhaust
Steam pipeline.
Refrigeration system
output heat
Cold storage.
Steam vent
110
Module 7: Energy
Assessment - EMOs
DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGY
DME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Finding energy
management opportunities
Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
112
Finding opportunities:
Start at the end-use
Meter
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
End-Use
113
Utility Meter
Bearings
Distribution
System
Motor
Pump
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
End-Use Heat
Exchanger
Other Heat
Exchanger
Piping
Network
114
Component efficiencies
Utility Meter
100%
Bearings
98%
Distribution
System
96%
Motor
85%
Flow
Control
Valve
70%
Pump
60%
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
End-Use Heat
Exchanger
Other Heat
Exchanger
Piping
Network
60%
115
System efficiency
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Energy In
Meter
Motor
Pump
Energy Out
Piping
Valve
DistributionBearing
Only 20%
116
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Typical Efficiency
100%
96%
85%
98%
60%
70%
60%
20%
117
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
118
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
119
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Setback temperatures
Turn-off lights in unoccupied areas
Provide taskrather than general
lighting
Avoid dampers / throttling match flows
by:
Resizing the fan/pump
Installing a variable speed drive on fan/pump
motor
120
Maximise efficiencies
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
121
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Costs:
direct implementation
costs
direct energy costs
indirect energy costs
O&M cost increase
122
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
123
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
124
Electrical energy
management opportunities
Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
126
Building performance
standards - SAEDES
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Provisions:
Intended to:
Minimise ODS use
Minimise GHG
emission
Conserve nonrenewable energy
resources
Optimise building
performance to
achieve the
economic benefits
Minimum demand
and energy efficiency
of new buildings
Building performance
parameters
Climate data
Application of other
standards
Detailed technical
criteria
127
SAEDES performance
standards
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
128
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
129
SABS 0400-1990
ventilation rates
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
130
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
131
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
132
Lighting system
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Ballast
Ceiling
Lens or Diffuser
Switch
Walls
The Requirement
Work Surface
Floor
133
Lighting considerations
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
134
Lighting quality
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Illumination level
Uniformity
Absence of glare
Colour temperature
Colour rendition index (CRI)
135
Colour rendering
index (CRI)
Light Source
CRI
Incandescent lamps
97
FL, full spectrum 7500
94
FL, cool white deluxe
87
Compact Fluorescent
82
FL, Warm White deluxe
73
MH (400 W clear)
65
HPS (250 W deluxe)
65
Fl, Cool White
62
FL, Warm White
52
MV (phosphor-coated)
43
HPS (400 W diffuse coated) 32
MV (clear)
22
Low Pressure Sodium
---
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Rendering
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Poor
Poor
Poor
Impossible
136
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Lumens/Watt
10 - 18
20 - 50
40 - 100
60 - 100
60 - 120
90 - 200
137
Some questions
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
138
Summary of lighting
opportunities
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
139
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
140
Plug loads
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
141
Electric motors
First, reduce
unnecessary use
Ensure proper
operating
conditions
Provide good
maintenance
Consider an energy
efficient motor
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
142
Imbalance =
Inefficiency!
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
143
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
25%
0%
Efficiency (%)
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Motor Loading
144
Operating conditions
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
145
100% Load
Eff'y
P.F.
84.0
80.5
72.0
78.0
90.2
88.0
84.0
85.5
92.8
84.5
91.7
84.0
93.5
91.5
91.7
83.5
94.8
90.5
93.0
88.5
75% Load
Eff'y
P.F.
84.0
74.0
72.0
70.0
90.2
85.0
84.0
80.5
93.0
81.0
91.7
81.
94.0
91.0
91.7
80.5
95.0
88.5
93.0
86.5
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
50% Load
Eff'y P.F.
81.5
62.0
68.0
58.0
90.2
77.0
81.5
75.0
91.7
73.0
90.2
71.5
93.8
87.0
90.2
73.0
94.6
83.0
91.7
80.0
147
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
148
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Comprise
significant load in
buildings
Typically oversized
Misapplication is
common
Proper flow control
can yield large
savings
DME Building Energy
149
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
150
Powerful laws
Q2 N2
Q1 N1
P2
P1
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
N2
N1
kW2
kW1
N2
N1
151
Efficiency optimisation
Head -Capacity
Efficiency
Capacity (litres/sec)
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Maximum
Efficiency at
this Point
Similar
Curve
for Fans
152
Fan/Pump savings
strategy
Operational
Match the
Requirement
Maximize
Efficiency
Turn it off
or reduce
volume.
Maintain &
operate at
best point.
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Technological
Apply a
variable
speed drive
Replace
pump or
motor.
153
Assessment questions
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
154
More fan/pump
questions
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
155
Fan/pump EMOs
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
156
The advantage of
variable speed
HP
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Throttling
Method
25
20
15
Power
Saving!
Variable
Speed
Method
10
5
0
40% 60% 80% 100% FLOW
157
Thermal energy
management opportunities
Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
159
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
160
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
161
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Low-cost:
Insulate noninsulated pipes &
fittings
Insulate noninsulated vessels
Add insulation to
reach the
recommended level
162
Insulation EMOs
Retrofit:
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
New construction:
Upgrade existing
insulation levels
Review economic
thickness
requirement
Limited budget
upgrade
High R materials
Building orientation
High efficiency
glazing
Window shades
Floor plans
163
Infiltration/Exfiltration
EMOs
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
164
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
165
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
In new construction:
Glass area and type
Building orientation in new construction
Overhangs and shading
In existing buildings:
Exterior shading (awnings)
Interior shading and blinds
Re-glazing (maybe)
DME Building Energy
166
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Strategy:
eliminate waste - ensure
building need is exactly
met by the energy
system;
maximize efficiency
select best technology,
improve operational and
maintenance practices;
optimize energy supply select most economical
energy source, utilise
waste heat
167
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
168
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
169
Exhaust
&
Intake
Electricity
(A) Cooled
Ventilation
Chiller
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Outside (lower)
Temperature
Inside (higher)
Temperature
Fuel
Boiler
Intake (make-up)
Air
Flow
Waste Heat
Exhaust Air Flow
170
Causes of inefficiency
Over/under
heating/cooling - setpoint or temperature
control
Over ventilation
Simultaneous
heating/cooling
Inadequate controls
for range of
conditions
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Increased heating or
cooling due to
infiltration
Stratification
Poor equipment
maintenance
Incorrect system type
or sizing
Lack of coordination
in central control
171
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
172
. . . more questions
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
173
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
174
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
175
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Flue Gas
Useful
Heat
Fuel
Air
176
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
9
M
T
1
C
BREECHING
7
10
3
12
HWS
T
T
ZONE
P
T
CONTROL PANEL
13
4
DHW
T
BURNER
2
6
DHW HEATER
11
HOT WATER BOILER
HWR
OPTIONAL
DHW HEATER
DCW
177
Fuel combustion
Fuel
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Flue Gas
- carbon
- hydrogen
- sulpher
Combustion
Combustion Air
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- CO2, CO
- nitrogen, NOx
- water
- excess air
- SOx
- VOC
Heat
(75- 85%)
178
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
179
Combustion efficiency
measurement
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
180
Measuring combustion
efficiency
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Equipment required:
Combustion analyzer
Or, minimally O2,
temperature sensor
and efficiency tables
Access required:
to 3/8 hole in
flue close to last
heat exchange
181
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
182
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
183
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
184
Heat recovery
opportunities
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
185
Savings example
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Preheat combustion
air with heat from
power house ceiling
Combustion air 20oC
to 40oC
Boiler efficiency
improvement of
1.1%
186
Assessment of boiler
plant
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
187
Steam distribution
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
188
Assessment of steam
distribution
A n a ly z e S te a m
D is t r ib u t io n
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
S te a m
P re s s u re
T o o H ig h
A b ove user
r e q u ir e m e n t re d u c e p re s s u re
M a tc h e d
U n d e r s iz e
P ip e S iz e
In c re a s e
C a p a c it y
o f P i p in g
O v e r s iz e
F u tu re
E x p a n s io n
N o
E x c e s s iv e L o s s c o n s id e r s m a lle r
p ip e s
Yes
O .K
S te a m
T r a p p in g
P oor
S u rv e y fo r
d a m a g e in c o r r e c t ,
t y p e p o s it io n , s iz e .
C o rre c t
R e p a ir / r e p la c e
N o,
U n c o n t a m in a te d
C o n d e n s a te
R e tu rn e d ?
No,
C o n t a m in a t e d
Heat
R e c o v e ry
Yes
R e tu rn e d to
B o ile r ?
Yes
M a x im u m R e t u r n
N o
S e n d t o D r a in
Yes
N o
U sed
L o c a lly ?
Yes
C heck
I n s u la t io n
In -a d e q u a te
N o
O .K .
U p g ra d e
or
R e p la c e
S e n d t o D r a in
F in is h
189
Losses in distribution
systems
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Steam leaks
Excessive pressure drop in steam lines in
undersized lines
Excessive standby losses due to oversized
lines
Steam lost due to failure of steam traps
Condensate sent to drain rather than returned
Heat loss from un-insulated pipes valves and
fittings
DME Building Energy
190
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Leaking faucets/valves
Appropriate temperatures
Shut down recirculation during
unoccupied periods
Flow restricting devices
Insulation of equipment
Tanks
Recirculation lines
191
Insulation opportunities
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
192
Cooling plant
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Condenser
Power
Required
Higher
Temperature
Evaporator
Lower
Temperature
193
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
194
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
195
Minimize temperature
lift
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
196
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Building insulation
Window solar radiation control
Reduce infiltration
especially warm moist air
197
Maintenance &
monitoring
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Lubrication
leading cause of
failure
Log operating
conditions
DME Building Energy
198
Higher cost
opportunities
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Compressor upgrade
Higher efficiency or
variable speed
199
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
200
Maximize efficiency
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Schedules
Temperatures
Damper condition
Heat exchanger fouling
201
Chiller efficiency
Electric Chiller
Reciprocating
Screw
Centrifugal
High
Moderate
New Chiller
kW/ton
.78 to .85
.62 to .75
.50 to .62
.63 to .70
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Existing
kW/ton
.90-1.2 or higher
.75-.85 or higher
NA
.70-.80 or higher
202
Efficiency in air
distribution systems
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
203
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
This is a
recoverable
energy flow.
(A) Heated
Ventilation
Fuel
Energy In
Inside (higher)
Temperature
This is a
recoverable
energy flow.
Boiler
Intake (make-up)
Air Flow
Waste Heat
Exhaust Air Flow
Hot Water
to Drain
204
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
205
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
D
A
D
B
TEMPERATURE
B
DISTANCE
206
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Direct
From one outflow to another inflow
From higher to lower temperature
Rate depends upon approach
temperature
Indirect
From one energy form to another
Typically requires outside energy input
DME Building Energy
207
Liquid - Liquid
Gas - Liquid
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Exchanger
Typical Use
Cross Flow
Rotary
Regenerative
Spiral
Heliflow
Oil Coolers
Recovery Boiler
Evaporative
Air Cooling
208
Gas to gas
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
CROSS - FLOW
HEAT EXCHANGER
209
Liquid to liquid
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
SHELL
HEAD
TUBE BUNDLE
SEALS
SPACERS
COMPRESSION ROD
COOLER FLUID
HOT FLUID
OUTLET
INLET
TRANSITION PIECES
COLD FLUID
INLET
WARMER FLUID
OUTLET
SEPARATE
PLATES
210
Gas to liquid
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
SPRAY WATER
SPRAY NOZZLES
WARM AIR
HOT LIQUID
COOLER LIQUID
AIR
FAN / MOTOR
211
Thermal Thermal
Thermal Mechanical /
Electrical
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Exchanger
Typical Use
Heat Pump
Absorption Chiller
Flash Tank
Mechanical
Vapour
Recompression
Combustion of
Waste Gases
Expansion
Turbine
Chemical Plants
Rankine Cycle
212
Heat pump
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
CONDENSER
(HEAT LOST TO HOT SOURCE)
COMPRESSOR
EXPANSION VALVE
Requires
Electricity
EVAPORATOR
(HEAT INPUT FROM COLD SOURCE)
213
Flash tank
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
HIGH PRESSURE
LIQUID FLOW
LOW PRESSURE LIQUID
214
Compressed air
systems
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Compressed air is
expensive - typical
efficiency is 5% to
20%
Hole Diameter
1 mm
1 l/s
3 mm
10 l/s
5 mm
26.7 l/s
10 mm
105.7 l/s
215
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
216
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
217
Building control
systems
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Three
components
sensors
controllers
control
devices
Set Point
Controller
Control Device
Process
Controlled
Feedback
Variable
Sensor
218
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
219
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
220
Control applications
Programmed
Start/Stop
Optimised Start/Stop
Duty cycling
Demand control
Temperature
setback/setup
Alarms/monitoring
Energy monitoring
Optimised ventilation
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Optimisation of supply
air temperature
Supply water
optimisation
Chiller/boiler
optimisation
Other control options
Interior and exterior
lighting
Domestic hot water
temperature
Cistern flow optimisation
221
Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Do preliminary assessment of
proposed energy management
investments
223
Objectives of
investment appraisal
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Which investments
make the best use of
available money?
Ensure optimum
benefits from
investment
Minimise the risk
A basis for subsequent
performance analysis
DME Building Energy
224
Investment Criteria
Simple Payback
SPP years
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Capital Cost
Annual Savings
Return on Investment
(ROI) and Internal
Rate of Return (IRR)
ROI
225
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Capital Cost
SPP years
Annual Savings
cost of money
anything after
payback period
DME Building Energy
226
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Costs
Taxes
Asset depreciation
Savings
Intermittent cash
flows
227
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
ROI
228
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
FV
n
(1 i )
229
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
5
48.0
230
Discount
10%
20%
25%
30%
31%
35%
NPV
R61,048.67
R25,216.05
R11,885.44
R753.50
-R1,250.47
-R8,627.04
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
IRR
30.37%
Excel
Spreadsheet
231
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
232
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
Pessimistic
e.g. much higher
interest rates
Realistic
Best guess
Optimistic
e.g. much higher
energy costs
DME Building Energy
233
Learning objectives
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
235
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
236
A report template
DEPARTMENT of
MINERALS and ENERGY
237