Introduction to Computer

Course on Computer Concepts

(CCC)
Based on DOEACC Revised Syllabus of Year
2010

National Institute of Electronic and Information

Technology, Kohima

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5

The computer comprises of technologically

advanced hardware put together to work at
great speed. To accomplish its various tasks,
the computer is made of different parts, each
serving a particular purpose in conjunction with
other parts. In other words, a 'computer' is an
ensemble of different machines that you will be
using to accomplish your job. A computer is
primarily made of the Central Processing Unit
(CPU), the monitor, the keyboard and the
mouse. Other pieces of hardware, commonly
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referred to as peripherals,
can enhance or
Kohima

In this lesson we would be able to the

understand the following :
What is a Computer?
History of Computers.
Basic concept of Computer System.
Concept of Hardware and Software.
Concept of Data Processing.
Applications of Information, Electronic
and Communication Technology (IECT)
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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

Kohima

A computer is an electronic device that

performs
specified
sequences
of
operations as per the set of instructions
(known as programs) given on a set of
data
(input)
to
generate
desired
information (output).
INPUT

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PROCESS

OUTPUT

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 The evolution of computers has

passed through a number of stages
before it reached the present state.
From the early 1950s,growth of the
computers was very rapid but this
development took distinct phases
known as generation of computers.

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

Kohima

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First Generation:
Eckert and Mauchly established a new
company in 1946. This company was
incorporated as the UNIVAC Division of
Remington Rand in 1949. The first machine,
UNIVAC-1 build by this company was made
operational in 1951 at the Bureau of Census.
This computer used magnetic medium for
data input and output. Its also used valve
(vacuum tubes) to provide memory. The
problem with vacuum tubes was that they
failed frequently, so first-generation
computers were down (not working) much of
Institute
of Electronics
andusing
Information
Technology
(NIELIT),
theNational
time.
Because
of
only
machine
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First Generation Computer

UNIVAC-1

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VACUUM TUBES

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Second Generation:
With the advance of transistor technology,
a second generation of computers came
into existence. These computers were
smaller in size, more reliable and highly
efficient. These machines used English like
language known as High Level Language
(HLL) for ease of operation and application
in business and scientific analysis. Many
American and European companies
manufactured these machines. One of
them, the IBM-401 was the most popular.
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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

Kohima

Second Generation Computer

TRANSISTOR

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

Kohima

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5

Third Generation:
In the 1960s, the integrated circuits
popularly known as ICs came in the field of
microelectronics. Computers that use a
large junk of electronic components were
substantially benefitted both from the point
of price reduction as well as size reduction.
Moreover these machines consumed less
power and were highly reliable. These
machines used more versatile programs
like real time OS, multiprogramming
techniques and DBM. IBM-370 is one of the
most
popular. They also introduced SSI,
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10
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MSI & LSI.

Third Generation Computer

Integrated circuit
with 1st generation
vacuum tubes and
transistor.
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DEC (Digital Electronic

Corporation)

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Fourth Generation:
Due to development of very large scale
integrated chips known as microprocessor
chips in 1971 by Intel Corporation, another
breed became popular as fourth generation
computers. Computers in this generation is
marked with the increased speed retrieval
capabilities and facilities for communication.
They can be connected with the satellite
communication lines to transform information
from one part of the world to the other part of
the world at a very high speed. These
machines used advanced software like process
National Institute
of Electronics andaided
Information
Technology (NIELIT),
controllers,
computer
design,
electronic
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Fourth Generation Computer

IBM Computer with

DOS

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1st
Microprocessor

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Fifth Generation:

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These machines will use parallel processing

techniques and artificial intelligence
techniques. Therefore these computers will
be able to think as human beings can
think. These machines will be able to
process non-numerical data such as
pictures, graphs etc. They will store large
amount of information, making expert
judgement and take accurate and timely
decision. They will use new types of
integrated circuits for faster speed of
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operation.
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Speed: The ability to perform the information

processing cycle with amazing speed.
Accuracy: The accuracy of a computer is
consistently high and the degree of accuracy
of a particular computer depends on its design.
Consistency: They never get bored like
human being. A computer never complains of
a monotonous job. They are ideal machine for
carrying out respective and voluminous works.
Storage Capacity: Ability to store huge
amounts of data and information.
Flexibility: A computer can be used to play
music, watching movies, typing letters, send
faxes, diagnose illness, designing,
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and Information Technology (NIELIT),
manufacturing
etc..
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Kohima

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Industries, business organizations

Scientific Research
Educational institutions
Government departments
Hospitals
Document centres
Engineering.
Police departments
Communication departments
Entertainment
Banking
Gaming
Accounting etc..

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The primary components of a computer are

given below:
Input

devices.
Central Processing
Unit (containing the
control unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
Memory.
Output devices.
Storage devices.

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17

The central processing unit (CPU) contains

electronic circuits that cause processing to
occur. The CPU interprets instructions to
the computer, performs the logical and
arithmetic processing operations, and
causes the input and output operations to
occur. It is considered the brain of the
computer.

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

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Keyboard:
The most commonly used input device is
the keyboard on which data is entered by
manually keying in or typing certain keys. A
keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

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19

Mouse:
Is a pointing device which is used to control
the movement of a mouse pointer on the
screen to make selections from the screen.
A mouse has one to five buttons. The
bottom of the mouse is flat and contains a
mechanism that detects movement of the
mouse.

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Some other input devices are given below:

Joystick
Light Pen
Scanner
Vice input and Recognition System
Bar-code Reader
OMR (Optical Mark Reader)
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition)
Webcam
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Monitor:
Monitor is an output device
with the help of which a user
can see the results produced
by the computer. It is also
called as Visual Display Unit
(VDU) available in different
sizes. Color monitors are very
popular these days. The
quality of the display
depends on the screen
resolution.
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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

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Some other output devices are given

below:
Printer
Plotter
Multimedia Projector
Speech Synthesizer
Speakers

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Memory:
Memory unit are the internal storage areas
in a computer. The term memory
identifies data storage that comes in the
form of chips, and

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

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The physical components of a computer

are called hardware. Such items may be
electronic, electrical, magnetic, mechanical
or optical components.

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

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Collection of Programs are Software. The

software is those components which make
the task of a user complete, as it is that
component which helps a user to give set
of instructions. The instructions in the
program direct the computer to perform
input operations, process the data and
output the result.

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SOFTWARE
System
Software

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Application
software

Operating
Systems

File Mgmt.
Tool

Images
Processing

Word
Processing

Assemblers

Compilers

Databases

Spreadshee
ts

Debuggers

Utilities

Games

Communicati
on Software

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All computer processing requires data,

which is a collection of raw facts, figures
and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the
computer during the input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create
information. Information is data that is
organized, meaningful, and useful.
During the output Phase, the information
that has been created is put into some
form, such as a printed report.
The information can also be put in
computer
storage for future use.
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Data are stored now a days in hard disk,

CDROM, DVD, Pen drive, Memory card,
Portable hard disk etc. can be accessed
directly. Thus, these storage devices are
faster.

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

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E-Governance
E-Governance is the application of modern
information and communication technologies such
as Internet, LAN, mobiles etc. by Government to
improve the effectiveness, efficiency, service
delivery and to promote democracy.
The use of ICTs and particularly the Internet, as a tool to
achieve better government.
The use of information and communication technologies in
all facts of the operations a government organization.
The continuous optimization of service delivery,
constituency participation of a government by transforming
internal and external relationships through technology.
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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

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Why e-Governance?
E-Governance can transform citizen service,
provide access to information to empower citizens,
enable their participation in government and
enhance citizen economic and social
opportunities, so that they can make better lives,
for themselves and for the next generation.

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

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Activities of e-Government using eGovernance

a)Government - to Citizen (G2C)
b)Government to Business (G2B)
c)Government to Government (G2G)
d)Government to Employees (G2E)

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT),

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