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Building Systems
(Seismic)
PresentationOutline
Building System Loads
Seismic
Structural Integrity
LFRS Walls
LFRS Frames
Diaphragms
SeismicChanges
SeismicChanges
Some of these changes are:
Recognition of jointed panel construction
Recognition of strong and ductile
connections in precast frames
Recognition and requirements for
connections in precast walls
SeismicChanges
Additional changes are:
SeismicChanges
SeismicRisk
Soil factors
Other regions of high seismic risk - not just west coast anymore
SeismicPerformanceObjectives
SeismicPerformanceObjectives
SeismicDesignApproach
Emulation
No special requirements for low seismic risk
Chapter 21 requirements for moderate and high
seismic risk
Non-emulative design
PRESSS
Acceptance criteria for frames
EarthquakeLoadsEquivalentLateral
ForceMethod
Base Shear, V
V= CsW
Where:
Cs - Seismic Response Coefficient
W - Total Weight
EquivalentLateralForceMethodLimitations
EarthquakeLoadsTotalWeight,W
SeismicResponseCoefficient,Cs
Function of
Spectral response acceleration
Site soil factors
Building Period
Response modification factors
Importance factor
SeismicResponseCoefficient,Cs
Step1DetermineSSandS1
Step2DetermineSiteSoilClassification
If site soils are not known use Site Class D
Figure 3.10.7 (a) (page 3-111)
From soil reports
Step3CalculateResponseAccelerations
SMS = FaSS
SM1 = FvS1
Where:
Fa and Fv are site coefficients from Figure 3.10.7 (b)
and (c) (page 3-111)
SS spectral accelerations for short periods
S1 spectral accelerations for 1-second period
All values based on IBC 2003
Step4Calculatethe5%DampedDesign
SpectralResponseAccelerations
SDS = (2/3)SMS
SD1 = (2/3)SM1
Step5DeterminetheSeismicDesignCategory
Table 3.2.4.1.
Sometimes this restricts
the type of Seismic Force
Resisting System (SFRS)
used (see Figure 3.10.8)
(page 3-112)
Step6(ApproximatePeriod)Determine
theBuildingsFundamentalPeriod
Ta Cthnx
Where:
Ct = 0.016 for moment resisting frame systems of
reinforced concrete
0.020 for other concrete structural systems
x = 0.9 for concrete moment resisting frames
0.75 for other concrete structural systems
hn = distance from base to highest level (in feet)
Step6(ExactPeriod)Determinethe
BuildingsFundamentalPeriod
Rayleighs formula
T 2
2
w
ii
i1
n
g Fii
i1
Where:
wi = dead load weight at Floor i
i = elastic displacement at Floor i
Fi = lateral force at Floor i
g = acceleration of gravity
n = total number of floors
Step7DetermineSeismicResponse
Coefficient,Cs
Lesser of
Cs
SDS
R
or Cs
SD1
TR
Where:
R = Response Modification
Factor
Figure 3.10.8 (page 3-112)
= Seismic Importance Factor
Step7DetermineCs
Minimum Value of Cs
Cs =
0.044SDS
Special Cases In Seismic Design Categories E and F
Cs
0.5 S1
R
VerticalDistributionofLateralForce
Fx Cvx V
Cvx
wx hkx
n
k
w
h
i i
i1
Where:
Fx = Force per floor
Cvx = Vertical distribution factor
V = Base shear
k = 1 - buildings with a period 0.5 sec
= 2 - buildings with a period > 2.5 sec
hi and hx = height from base to Level i or x
wi and wx = Level i or x portion of total gravity load
LocationofForceinPlane
Accidental Torsion
calculated by assuming that the center of mass is
located a distance of 5% of the plan dimension
perpendicular to the applied load on either side of
the actual center of mass
SeismicDriftRequirements
Elastic Displacement Amplification
Factor, x
Stability Coefficient Limits,
PEffects
DriftLimits
Figure 3.10.9 (page 3-113)
DriftAmplificationFactor, x
x
Cd xe
I
Where:
x = Amplified deflection of Level x
xe = Deflection of Level x determined from elastic
analysis, includes consideration of cracking
Cd = Deflection amplification factor
(Figure 3.10.8)
StabilityCoefficient,
Px
Vx hsx Cd
Where:
Px = Total vertical unfactored load including and above
Level x
= Difference of deflections between levels x and x-1
Vx = Seismic shear force acting between levels x and
x-1
hsx = Story height below Level x
Cd = Deflection amplification factor
StabilityCoefficient,
The stability coefficient is limited to:
max
0.5
0.25
Cd
Where:
= ratio of shear demand to shear capacity between
Levels x and x-1
PEffects
ReliabilityFactor, i
Required in High Seismic Design Categories
D, E, and F
The Earthquake Force is increase by a
Reliability Factor, i
1.5 Maximum Required Value
i = 1.0 for structures in Seismic Design
Categories A, B and C
ReliabilityFactor, iForMoment
Frames
i 2
20
rmaxi Ai
ReliabilityFactor, iForShearWalls
i 2
20
rmaxi Ai
LoadCombinations
U = 1.4(D+F)
U = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H)
U = 1.2D +1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L + 0.2S
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
ModificationforVerticalAcceleration
E = QE 0.2SDSD
Seismic Load Combinations Become
U = (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + QE + f1L + 0.2S
U = (0.9 0.2SDS)D + QE + 1.6H
ModificationforVerticalAcceleration
E = QE 0.2SDSD
Seismic Load Combinations Become
U = (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + QE + f1L + 0.2S
U = (0.9 0.2SDS)D + QE + 1.6H
OverstrengthFactor, o
Components within the Diaphragm
Chord ties
Shear Steel
Connectors
SpecialLoadCombinations
U = 1.2D + fiL + Em
U = 0.9D + E
Where:
Em = QE + 0.2SDSD
and
= Overstrength Factor
OverstrengthFactor, o
StructuralIntegrityRequirements
All members must be connected to the Lateral Force Resisting
System (LFRS)
Tension ties must be provided in all directions
The LFRS is continuous to the foundation
A diaphragm must be provided with
Connections between diaphragm elements
Tension ties around its perimeter
StructuralIntegrityRequirements
Precast vertical panels connected by a minimum of
two connections
Each connection is to have a nominal strength of 10
kips
Precast diaphragm connections to members being
laterally supported must have a nominal tensile
strength not less than 300 lbs per linear ft
Connection details allow volume change strains
Connection details that rely solely on friction caused
by gravity loads are not to be used
LateralForceResistingSystems(LFRS)
InfluentialFactors
The supporting soil and footings
The stiffness of the diaphragm
The stiffness LFRS elements and
connections
Lateral load eccentricity with respect to center
of rigidity of the shear walls or frames
ShearWallSystems
InternationalBuildingCode
(IBC)Requirements
ACI31802Requirements
ACI31802WallDefinitions
Defines all shear walls as structural
walls
Three levels of definition
Ordinary structural (shear) wall
Intermediate precast structural (shear) wall
Special precast structural (shear) wall
OrdinaryStructural(Shear)Wall
IntermediatePrecastStructural
(Shear)Wall
SpecialPrecastStructural(Shear)Wall
DesignGuidelinesforShearWallStructures
DesignGuidelinesforShearWallStructures
MomentFrameClassifications
Three Classifications
Ordinary Moment Frame
Intermediate Moment Frames
Special Moment Frames
Based on Detailing
Seismic Design Categories
OrdinaryMomentFrames
IntermediateMomentFrames
SpecialMomentFrames
Seismic Performance Categories D, E,
and F
Yielding will be concentrated in the beam,
Strong column -weak beam behavior
Special Moment frames
ACI 318 Sections 21.2 through 21.6
Diaphragms
DiaphragmDesign
DiaphragmClassification
Flexible diaphragm
Lateral deflection twice average story drift
Rigid diaphragm
Not flexible
Implies capability to distribute load based
on relative stiffness of LFRS elements
StepsintheDesignMethod
Step 1 - Calculate and compare distribution and
diaphragm forces
Based on rigid diaphragm action
Based on flexible diaphragm action
DiaphragmDesignForces
SeismicDiaphragmDesignForces
Separate calculations from the design of the LFRS
Diaphragm Design force, FP
Seismic Design Categories B or C
Fp = 0.2IESDSWp + Vpx
Where
Vpx represents forces from above levels that must be
transferred through the diaphragm due to vertical
system offsets or changes in stiffness.
SeismicDiaphragmDesignForces
Fpx
F
ix
n
w
ix
wpx
DiaphragmDetailing
Wind and Low Seismic Hazards
Moderate Seismic Hazards
Seismic Design Category D Topped Systems
High Seismic Hazards - Untopped
Systems
WindandLowSeismicHazard
ModerateSeismicHazard
Topped and Pretopped Systems
Seismic Design Category C
Concrete wall systems have special
requirements IBC 2003
Diaphragm must include
special continuous struts or ties between
diaphragm chords for wall anchorage.
use of Sub-Diaphragms, the aspect ratio of is
limited to 2 to 1
ModerateSeismicHazard
SeismicDesignCategory(SDC)D
Topped Systems
Untopped Systems
Not implicitly recognized in ACI 318 - 02
Section 21.2.1.5
permits a system to be used if it is shown by
experimental evidence and analysis to be equivalent in
strength and toughness to comparable monolithic castin-place systems
SDCDToppedSystems
High strain demand across the joints
Reinforcing steel needs to be compatible with
this demand
Use of larger wire spacing or bars may be
needed
Mesh in the topping must take the entire shear
across the joint.
Correct lapping to maintain diaphragm integrity
SDCDToppedSystems
Specific provisions in ACI 318-02
Chord steel determined from flexural analysis
Shear strength based entirely on reinforcement
crossing the joint:
Vn = Acvnfy
Where
Acv = thickness of the topping slab
n = steel ratio of the reinforcement
SDCDToppedSystems
ACI 318-02
minimum spacing requirement of 10 in
Diaphragm -factor vertical element shear-factor
May result in = 0.6, based on ACI 318-02
Section 9.3.4
Questions?