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BENDING AND TORSION

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IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
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BENDING AND TORSION


Introduction
Designing for torsion in practice
Pure torsion and warping
Combined bending and torsion
Design method for lateral torsional
buckling
Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION
Torsional moments cause twisting and
warping of the cross sections.
When torsional rigidity (GJ) is very large
compared with its warping rigidity (E ), the
section would effectively be in uniform torsion
and warping moment would be unlikely to be
significant.
The warping moment is developed only if
warping deformation is restrained.

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Designing for Torsion in Practice


"Avoid Torsion - if you can "
The loads are usually applied in such a manner that their
resultant passes through the centroid in the case of
symmetrical sections and shear centre in the case of
unsymmetrical sections. Arrange connections suitably.
Where significant eccentricity of loading (which would
cause torsion) is unavoidable, alternative methods of
resisting torsion like design using box, tubular sections
or lattice box girders should be investigated
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
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Pure Torsion and Warping


When a torque is applied only at the ends of a
member such that the ends are free to warp, then
the member would develop only pure torsion.
The total angle of twist ( ) over a length of z is
given by

Tq z
GJ

When a member is in non-uniform torsion, the rate


of change of angle of twist will vary along the length
of the member
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
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Pure Torsion and Warping - 2

The warping shear stress ( w) at a point is given by ,

E S wm s
w
t
Swms = Warping statical moment
The warping normal stress ( w) due to bending
moment
in-plane of flanges (bi-moment) is given by

w = E .Wnwfs . ''
where
W
Teaching Resource
in Design of Steel
Structures

= Normalised
warping
function
nwfs
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

Combined Bending and Torsion


There is interaction between the torsional and
flexural effects, when a load produces both
bending and torsion
The angle of twist caused by torsion would be
amplified by bending moment, inducing
additional warping moments and torsional
shears.

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Combined Bending and Torsion - 2

Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"


The maximum stress at the most highly stressed
cross section is limited to the design strength
(fy / m)
The "capacity check" for major axis bending
bx + byt + w fy / m.

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures


IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
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Combined Bending and Torsion - 3

Buckling Check
whenever lateral torsional buckling governs the
design (i.e. when pb is less than fy) the values of w
and byt will be amplified.

byt w
Mx
Mx

1 0.5
1
Mb
fy / m
Mb

M x, equivalent uniform moment = mx Mx

Mb , the buckling resistance moment =

ME M p
2

B B M E M p

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Combined Bending and Torsion - 4

Applied loading having both Major axis and Minor


axis moments
When the applied loading produces both major
axis and minor axis moments, the "capacity
checks" and the "buckling checks" are modified.
Capacity Check
bx + byt + w + by fy/ m
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
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Combined Bending and Torsion - 5

Buckling Check

My
byt w
Mx
Mx

1 0.5
1
Mb
fy Zy / m
fy / m
Mb
where

M y my M y

byt M y / Z y
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
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Combined Bending and Torsion - 6

Torsional Shear Stress


Torsional shear stresses and warping shear stresses
should also be amplified in a similar manner

vt t w

Mx
1 0.5

M
b

This shear stress should be added to the shear


stresses due to bending in checking the adequacy
of the section.
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
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Design method for lateral torsional


buckling
the basic theory of elastic lateral stability cannot
be directly used for the design purpose because
-the formulae for elastic critical moment ME are
too complex for routine use
-there are limitations to their extension in the
ultimate range

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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 2

A simple method of computing the buckling


resistance of beams is as follows:- the buckling resistance moment, Mb, is obtained
as the smaller root of the equation,
(ME - Mb) (Mp - Mb) = LT. ME Mb
where

Mb

ME M p
2

B B M E M p

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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 3

Mp

M p LT 1 M E
2
fy . Z p / m

LT = Perry coefficient, similar to column


buckling coefficient
Zp = Plastic section modulus
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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 4

In order to simplify the analysis, BS5950: Part 1


uses a curve, in which the bending strength of
the beam is expressed as a function of its
slenderness ( LT )
- the buckling resistance moment Mb is given by
Mb= pb .Zp
where
pb = bending strength allowing for

susceptibility to

lateral torsional buckling.


Zp = plastic section modulus.
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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 5

The beam slenderness ( LT) is given by,

LT

E

LT
fy
2

where,

LT

Mp
ME

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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 6

300

Beam fails by yield

pb
200
N/mm2
100
0

Beam buckling

50

100
150
LT

200

250

Fig 1. Bending strength for rolled sections of design


strength 275 N/mm2 according to BS 5950
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 7

Plastic
yield

1.0
0.8
M / Mp

ME / MP

0.4
0

sto
cky

interm
ediate
0.4

0.8

slender
1.2

LT

MP
ME

Fig.2 Comparison of test data with theoretical elastic critical


moments
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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 8

In Fig. 2 three distinct regions of behaviour can


be observed:- stocky beams which are able to attain the
plastic moment Mp, for values of LT below
about 0.4.
- slender beams which fail at moments close to
ME, for values of LT above about 1.2
- beams of intermediate slenderness which fail
LT
to reach either Mp or ME . In this case 0.4 <
< 1.2
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 9

- Beams having short spans usually fail by


yielding
- Beams having long spans would fail by lateral
buckling
- Beams which are in the intermediate range
without lateral restraint, design must be based
on considerations of inelastic buckling

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures


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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 10

In the absence of instability, eqn. 11 may be


adopted for the full plastic moment capacity pb for
LT < 0.4 .
This corresponds to LT values of around 37 (for
steels having fy= 275 N/mm2) below which the lateral
instability is NOT of concern.
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 11

For more slender beams, pb is a function of LT which is


given by ,

LT

uv
ry

u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional


index.
Please refer paper for the expressions for buckling
parameter and the torsional index corresponding to
flanged sections symmetrical about the minor axis and
flanged sections symmetrical about the major axis.
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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 12

Unequal flanged sections


For unequal flanged sections, the following
equation is used for finding the buckling moment
of resistance.
Mb= pb .Zp

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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 13

Evaluation of differential equations


For a member subjected to concentrated torque
with torsion fixed and warping free condition at
the ends ( torque applied at varying values of L),
the values of and its differentials are given by
Tq

(1-)

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures


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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 14

For

0 z

sinh
a cosh sinh z

a
a
tanh

Tq .a
z


1
GJ
a

Tq

1
GJ

sinh


z
a

cosh
cosh

a
a
tanh

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures


IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
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Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 15

For

0 z

sinh
Tq

a cosh sinh z

GJa
a
a
tanh

Tq
G J a2

sinh

a cosh cosh z

a
a
tanh

Similar equations are available for different loading cases


and for different values of .
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
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CONCLUSION
A simple method of evaluating torsional effects
and to verify the adequacy of a chosen cross
section when subjected to torsional moments has
been discussed.

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures


IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
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THANKYOU

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures


IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
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