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FORMATION MICRO IMAGER TOOL

INTRODUCTION

The FMI is the latest generation electrical imaging device and belongs to the
family of imaging services provided by most of the service companies.

The FMI (Fullbore Formation MicroImager) provides micro-resistivity formation


images in water-base mud.

FMI uses scanning electrodes arranged in 24 electrode per pad/flap arrays (of
four pads and four flaps) are used to provide a high spatial sampling of
formation micro-resistivity in both the vertical and azimuthal directions on
the borehole surface.

These two-dimensional micro-resistivity data are then mapped to gray scale


or color to produce core-like borehole wall image that allows fine scale
geological features to be described with a very good vertical resolution.

HISTORY

In the late 1980s Schlumberger introduced the concept of borehole electrical


images by processing variations of the shallow micro-resistivity of wellbore
walls recorded by a tool Called the Formation Micro-Scanner (FMS).

This tool was developed by Schlumberger in 1991 as an improvement on the


FMS4 (4 Pad-tool) developed earlier in 1987.

In the early stages this tool only measured closely spaced arrays of focused
shallow resistivity readings that are related to changes in rock composition
and texture, structure, and fluid content.

With improved technology, micro-resistivity of deeper wells can now be


determined.

WHAT DOES FMI MEASURES?

Image logs are resistivity or acoustic devices that measure certain physical
properties of the rock at or near the well that can be displayed as images of
the wellbore, which can then be interpreted on a computer.

Typically rock properties are controlled by factors such as variations in


composition, diagenesis, grain size, grain orientation, pore fluid variations.

Image logs can provide detailed picture of the wellbore that represent the
geological and petro-physical properties of the section being logged.

TOOL SPECIFICATION

This tool is a semi-active focusing device , so the response cannot be output


directly as resistivity but is relatively proportional to the conductivity of the
formation.

A 16 Khz voltage is applied across each button with a return to the cartridge
and the current at the button is measured at the same frequency.

The voltage is increased automatically against resistive formations and


lowered against conductive formation to ensure activity on the individual
micro-conductivity curves.

Electrodes: There are in total 192 electrodes distributed on four pads and
four flaps.

Resolution: The high resolution component of response gives button resolution


~ button size (5mm).

The tool has a very large dynamic range - from less than 0.1ohm-m to more
than 10,000ohm-m.

The maximum logging speed is 1600 ft/hr (500m/hr), but outside zones of
interest, it can be run at 3200 ft/hr (1000 m/hr).

WORKING

The measurement principle of the micro-resistivity imaging devices is


straightforward.

Formation Micro Imager (FMI), records an array of micro-resistivity


measurements from 192 sensors on eight pads mounted on four orthogonally
placed caliper arms.

The spacing and position of the pads provides 80% coverage of an eight-inch
diameter hole and a resolution of 5 mm.

The FMI yields a continuous, high-resolution electrical image of a borehole


(color-coded for resistivity values), and therefore complements whole cores
cut in the same well.

An applied voltage causes an alternating current to flow from each button


electrode into the formation and then to be received at a return electrode on
the upper part of the tool.

The microelectrodes respond to current density, which is related to localized


formation resistivity.

The tool, therefore, has a high-resolution capability in measuring variations


from button to button.

The resistivity of the interval between the button-electrode array and the
return electrode gives rise to a low-resolution capability in the form of a
background signal.

The tool does not provide an absolute measurement of formation resistivity


but rather a record of changes in resistivity.

FMI TOOL

4 Arms - 8 Pads
192 Electrodes

INTERPRETATION

Structural:
Fault,unconformities,sequence
boundary

Stratigraphic:
Depositional environment, orientation

Reservoir:
Thin beds, Permeability trends, Fractures/Vugs,
Borehole geometry

ADVANTAGES

Determine net pay

The FMI (formation micro Imager) gives micro-resistivity formation images in


water-base mud. This is the preferred approach for determining net pay in
laminated sediments of fluvial and turbidite depositional environments.

Visualize sedimentary features to understand structure

Sedimentary features define important reservoir geometries and petrophysical


reservoir parameters. The interpretation of image-derived sedimentary data
helps you understand sedimentary structures.

Interpret seismic sections

Well-to-well correlation is difficult in deviated wells with sections of steep and


varying structural dip. Greatly improve your structural interpretation of seismic
sections with high-quality bedding dips to compute accurate logs of true
stratigraphic thickness.

Get more data

Geological information from FMI borehole images helps with stochastic modeling
of the sand-shale distribution. FMI images define channel heights superbly in
amalgamated units. Other variables, such as the channel width and channel
sinuosity, can be estimated using geological analogs, based on detailed
sedimentological analysis of FMI image data.

Improve well construction plans

Borehole images improve mechanical earth models, which in turn helps to


optimize well plans. Better understanding of borehole stability can save millions
of dollars during field development.

BENEFITS

Obtain accurate pay estimates

Interpret formations accurately

Improve reservoir descriptions

Make decisions on site

Get data in difficult environments, including deviated and horizontal wells

Save time and money with complete interpretations in one image pass

APPLICATIONS

Structural geology
Structural dips, even in fractured and conglomeratic formations
Detection and determination of faults

Sedimentary features
Determination of sedimentary dips
Definition and characterization of sedimentary bodies and their boundaries
Recognition of permeability barriers, and permeability paths
Recognition and evaluation of thinly bedded reservoirs

Rock texture
Qualitative vertical grain-size profile
Determination of carbonate texture
Detection and evaluation of secondary porosity
Detection and evaluation of fracture systems

Geo-mechanics
Identification and analysis of drilling-induced features
Mud weight selection

Reservoir characterization workflow


Deterministic modeling of reservoir bodies
Guidance for the distribution of reservoir bodies
Realistic population of reservoir bodies with petrophysical parameters

DISADVANTAGE

FMI Tool cannot be used with oil based mud

CONCLUSION

The lighter the shade the more resistive the formation.

FMI measurements respond primarily to fluid properties.

Formation micro-imaging tools have proved superior to the ultrasonic tele


viewers in the identification of sedimentary characteristics and some
structural features such as natural fractures in sedimentary rocks.

They are especially useful for net-sand definition in thinly laminated fluvial
and turbidite depositional environments.

REFERENCE

Petrowiki

Wikipedia

AAPG Wiki

http://
www.slb.com/resources/publications/industry_articles/oilfield_review/1990
/or1990jan05_microscanner.aspx

http://petphy.blogspot.in/2011/12/formation-micro-imager-logs-fmi.html

THANK YOU

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