Section Outline

Section 8-1

81 Energy and Life

A.Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
B.Sunlight- main source of
energy
C.Chemical Energy and ATP
1. Storing Energy
2. Releasing Energy
D. Using Biochemical Energy

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Which cell processes require Energy?

cell division? yes
Movement of cilia or flagella? yes
Active transport? yes
Production of proteins? yes
Digestion? yes
Circulation? yes
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ATP
Section 8-1

Adenine

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Ribose

3 Phosphate groups

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and

ATP to a Battery

Section 8-1

ADP

ATP

Energy

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate

Partially
charged
battery

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Energy

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Fully
charged
battery

oChemical energy and ATP

- unstable
- always re-bonds
not used for anything major, anything intracellular

Examples of energy use:

active transport
protein synthesis
muscle movement/contractions

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Biochemical Energy
Most cells contain only small amounts of ATP
which is enough for a few seconds of activity.
used for small bursts of energy, glucose
used for heavy duty movement
1 glucose= 90 times energy of ATP
ATP is NOT good for long term use

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How do cells get the energy stored in ATP?

After ATP is broken down energy must be
stored immediately(if not it is lost and can never get
back once captured the mitochondria holds the energy
enzymes from proteins break the bonds between the
phosphate groups

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Importance of the ATP cycle..

Cycle:

Remember ENERGY is stored in

phosphate bonds.

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Review of ATP

1. What does at ATP molecule consist of?

Adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups.

2. What do the lines between these parts of the molecule

represent?
Chemical bonds.

3. What would be the result if the 3 rd phosphate group were

removed?
Energy gets released and ADP is created.

4. What is the difference between ADP and ATP?

ADP consists of 2 phosphate groups, while ATP consists of 3 phosphate
groups.

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Section Outline
Section 8-2

82Photosynthesis: An Overview
A. Investigating Photosynthesis
1. Van Helmonts Experiment
2. Priestleys Experiment
3. Jan Ingenhousz
B. The Photosynthesis Equation
C.Light and Pigments

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The Photosynthesis Equation

Carbon dioxide + water (in the presence of
sunlight) glucose + oxygen

6 carbon dioxide and 6 water = 1 sugar and 6

oxygen
Turn arrow to show respiration equation
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Photosynthesis: make sugar(monsaccharide)

(store in starch, mostly cellulose(polysaccharide)

Photosynthesis is divided into two parts or

phases.
1.Light dependent phase(depends on light)- in
thylakoid(needs light, key ingredient is water), oxygen is
given off, ATP and NADPH are formed

2.Light independent phase(no need for light,

can occur in the dark) known as the CALVIN
CYCLE- in stroma(no need for light)
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Light and pigments

chlorophyll is the main pigment used- is the
pigment that is energized by sunlight,
responsible for making most plants green
needed in phase 1. The energy taken
signals the enzymes to put between the
phosphates and bond them to adenine and
ribose.
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Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption

Section 8-2

Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a

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YO

Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products

Section 8-2

Light Energy

Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O

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Sugars + O2

Contributions to Photosynthesis
Jan van Helmont-(1600s) concluded that water is
readily absorbed by plants in large quantities, therefore water must
have a critical role in a plants life.

Joseph Priestly-(1770s) plants give off a substance that

can keep animals alive and a candle burning.

Jan Ingenhousz-(1770s) plants do some kind of

reaction in the presence of light that allows them to give off oxygen.

Melvin Calvin-(1940s) traced carbondioxide molecules as

they built glucose in the light-independent reaction, now that phase
is called the Calvin Cycle.

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Energy carrier NADP+ (coenzyme- the

nonprotein part of an enzyme, helps enyzme)

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NADP

NADPH(holds chemical energy)

From stroma
Goes thylakoid to get electron and bond
to hydrogen ion(comes from splitting
water)
Becomes NADPH
Goes back to stroma to give energy to
Calvin cycle
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Photosynthesis is within a chloroplast!

Photosystems- clusters of pigments and
proteins that absorb light energy. This
energy will be used to build NADPH and
ATP.(in thylakoids)
does photolysis, electrons are
energized, (electrons are carried on electron
transport train), are bonded to NADP
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Concept Map
Section 8-3

Photosynthesis
includes

Lightdependent
reactions

Calvin cycle

use

take place in

Energy from
sunlight

Thylakoid
membranes

to produce

ATP

NADPH

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O2

takes place in

Stroma

uses

ATP

NADPH

of

to produce

Chloroplasts

High-energy
sugars

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Section 8-3

ht
sunlig

H2O

Chloroplast

Chloroplast

NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions

O2
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CO2

O2

Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH

Sugars

Purpose of Phases of Photosynthesis

Phase 1- light-dependent
Photolysis- the splitting
of the water molecule in
the presence of light
Store energy- ADP and
NADP comes into
thylakoid, takes free
floating phosphate and
hydrogen and forms ATP
and and leaves and goes
into the stroma.
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Phase 2- light-independent
Creates sugar

During photosynthesis.
The raw materials are water and carbon dioxide
The end products are sugar and oxygen
The source of energy is sunlight
The source of carbon dioxide is atmosphere
The source of water is roots
What happens to oxygen? Its is released into the air

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During the light dependent reactions

What is the energy source? Sunlight
What reactant is necessary? Water
What compounds are produced? Oxygen, ATP and NADPH
Where does the oxygen come from? Water

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During the Calvin cycle.

What is the principal reactant? Carbon dioxide
What is the principal product? High-energy sugars
What energy compounds are returned to the light reactions
step? ADP and NADP

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Goal of the light dependent reactions

To use energy to produce ATP and NADPH and release oxygen
What about the water? Gets split into hydrogen and oxygen

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Light dependent reactions-Photosystems I and II

Photosystem I- pigments use energy from light to energize
electrons(used in ATP and NADPH)
Photosystem II- energy from light is absorbed by chlorophyll and
transferred to electrons, and then these with be transported to
photosystem 1 to bond with NADP
Which photosystem occurs first? 2

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Photolysis

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Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions

Section 8-3

Photosystem II

Hydrogen
Ion Movement

Chloroplast
ATP synthase

Inner
Thylakoid
Space

Thylakoid
Membrane

Stroma
Electron
Transport Chain

Photosystem I
ATP Formation

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Electron Transport Train

A series of proteins embedded in the ..

Thylakoid membrane
Is when electrons are passed among proteins to be
received by NADP+ to make NADPH.

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ATP synthase(to make)

helps create ATPs
start with ADP
pushes hydrogen into stroma(no energy
required)
while doing this, the protein spins and
attracts energy and bonds ADP with a
phosphate to hold that energy.
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Factors affecting photosynthesis

1. Water
If there is no water, photolysis will not occur, there will be no electrons, transport train
shuts down, cant make NADPH and Calvin cycle shuts down, guard cells also close.
If water decreases, photosynthesis decreases and stops

2. Temperature
Most plants can photosynthesize between 0 C- 32 C(32 F- 90 F, there are exceptions)

3. Light intensity
As light increases, photosynthesis increases, but if it continues to go up the plant will
reach its height of photosynthesis and it will stop.

4. Guard Cellsif guard cells close, photosynthesis stop because CO2 cant come in and O2 cant go
out

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Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle

Section 8-3

CO2 Enters the Cycle

Energy Input

ChloropIast
5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Sugars and other compounds
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