FIRE TRAINING PROGRAM

For Fire Brigade Members

FIRE TRAINING PROGRAM

For Fire Brigade Members
Course Content
PART 1 (Theory)
Fire & its Components
Fire Extinguishment
Breathing Apparatus
Portable Extinguishers
2

FIRE TRAINING PROGRAM

For Fire Brigade Members
Course Content
PART 2 (Practical Exercise)
Breathing Apparatus
Mobile Fire Fighting
Equipment
Hose Handling
3

FIRE EMERGECY PRINCIPLES

R escue
E xposure
C ontainment
E xtinguishment
O verhaul

FIRE TRAINING PROGRAM

For Fire Brigade Members
Remember, Firemanship is ....
Knowledge of fire behavior and
strategy.
Skill in handling tools and
equipment.
Judgment of fire conditions.
Speed of attack and control
Teamwork at all times.
5

FIRE and its

COMPONENTS

FIRE AND COMBUSTION

FIRE - is a rapid oxidation with the evolution of
heat and light

COMBUSTION - is a self-sustaining chemical

reaction yielding energy or products that
cause further reactions of the same kind.
7

FIRE TETRAHEDRON
The components of fire tetrahedron

FIRE TETRAHEDRON
Oxidizing Agent (oxygen)
Those materials that yield oxygen or other
Oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical
reaction.

Fuel
The material or substance being oxidized or
Burned in the combustion process.
9

FIRE TETRAHEDRON

Heat
Heat is the energy component of the fire
tetrahedron. When heat comes into contact with
a fuel, the energy support the combustion
reaction.

10

FIRE TETRAHEDRON
HEAT
Common Sources of Heat

Chemical
Energy

Electrical
Energy

Mechanical
Energy

Nuclear
Energy
11

TYPES OF FUELs

Solid Fuels

Liquid Fuels

Gaseous Fuels
12

TYPES OF FUELs

Solid Fuels
When heated to a certain temperature will
produce combustible vapor.
The actual
position also affect the way it burns.

13

TYPES OF FUELs
Flammable
Vapor

Liquid Fuels
Flammable gases
are generated by
vaporization.
Paint

14
Heat

TYPES OF FUELs

Gaseous Fuels
The most dangerous of
all fuel types because
they are already in the
natural state required
for ignition.
15

PROPERTIES OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

Flammability Limits
Too Lean Flammable Range Too Rich

Fuel
Oxygen
16

Properties of Flammable Liquids

Flash Point
The minimum temperature to which a
liquid fuel gives off sufficient vapor that
can be ignited momentarily by a flame.
Fire Point
The minimum temperature to which a
liquid fuel gives off sufficient vapor to
support continuous combustion.
17

Properties of Flammable Liquids

Auto Ignition Temperature
The minimum temperature at which a liquid
fuel will ignite without the presence of a pilot
flame or spark.
Flammability Limit
A flammable gas or vapor will only form in
atmosphere if the flammable vapor and oxygen in
air lies within certain limits.
These limits are
referred to us the lower and upper flammable or
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explosive limits.

FIRE TETRAHEDRON
SELF SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION
Combustion is a complex reaction that
requires a fuel, an oxidizer, and heat
energy to come together in a very specific
way. Fire can only continue when enough
heat is produced to cause the continued
development of flammable vapors or
gases.
19

CLASSES OF FIRE

HOW TO EXTINGUISH?

CLASSES OF FIRE
Class A Fires

wood

cloth

paper

rubber

plastics

Fires that involves ordinary combustible materials

such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many
plastics.
21

CLASSES OF FIRE
Class B Fires

Gases

Oil

Motor spirit

Paints

Fires that involves flammable and combustible liquids

and gases.
22

CLASSES OF FIRE
Class C Fires

Fires involving energized electrical equipment

23

CLASSES OF FIRE
Class D Fires

Fires that involves metals

24

CLASSES OF FIRE
Class K
Class K is for fires in
unsaturated cooking oils in
well insulated cooking
appliances in commercial
kitchens.

25

FIRE

EXTINGUISHMENT

Removing Heat
Removing Fuel
Reducing Oxygen

WILL
Inhibit Chemical
Chain Reaction

26

FIRE

EXTINGUISHMENT

Oxygen exclusion (smothering)

The oxygen content can be
reduced by flooding an area
with an inert gas, which
displaces the oxygen and
disrupts
the
combustion
process.

Heat

Fuel

Chemical
Chain
Reaction

27

O2

FIRE

EXTINGUISHMENT

Temperature Reduction
(Quenching/Cooling)
Heat

Fuel

Chemical
Chain
Reaction

O2

Reducing the temperature of the fuel to a point

where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.
28

FIRE

EXTINGUISHMENT

Fuel removal (Starvation)

Heat

Fuel

Chemical
Chain
Reaction

O2

The fuel source may be removed by stopping the

flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid
fuel in the path of fire.
29

FIRE

EXTINGUISHMENT

Chemical flame inhibition

(Breaking of chemical chain reaction)
Heat

Fuel

Chemical
Chain
Reaction

O2

Extinguishing agents such as dry chemicals interrupt

the combustion reaction and stop flaming.
30

FIRE

EXTINGUISHMENT

Water

FM-200

Foam

Wet Chemicals

Carbon Dioxide

Halogenated
Hydrocarbons

Dry Chemicals
Philex
31

The P.A.S.S. Method

Aim the hose
or nozzle.

Pull

the pin.

Squeeze the lever.

Sweep
agent.

the
32

WATER
The direct effect is to cool down the unburned
product, stop the evolution of vapor and starve
the
flame
gradually
until
complete
extinguishment.

USAGE:
Cooling/Quenching

Displacing spills

Handling clouds

Making Foam

Protecting personnel
33

DRY POWDER/CHEMICAL
CLASSES:
Class BC powder
sodium bicarbonates (baking soda)
potassium bicarbonates (purple K)
potassium carbonate (Monnex)
Class D (for metals)
ternary eutectic chloride (TEC)
flarex (complex)
34

CARBON DIOXIDE
Brings the fuel/air mixture in the fire area below
the lower flammable limit.
The air and therefore, the oxygen concentration is
reduced to such a level that the fire cannot
sustain itself.

General Characteristics of CO2

Provides its own pressure for discharge
Non-reactive to most substances
Emerges as a gas which can penetrate all parts of
fire area
35
Non-conductor of electricity (Best for Class C fires)

FOAM
EXTINGUISHMENT TRIANGLE
1. Water content (heat)
and cooling the fuel

smothering

2. Blanket Effect (fuel)

floating blanket on the liquid surface

forms

3. Bubbles
Formation
averts
formation of combustible mixture of vapor and air

36

TRANSMISSION OF HEAT

CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
RADIATION
37

TRANSMISSION OF HEAT
Conduction
AT
E
H

Conduction is the point-to-point transmission of

heat energy.
38

TRANSMISSION OF HEAT

HEAT

Convection

Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the

movement of heated fluids.
39

TRANSMISSION OF HEAT
Radiation

Radiation is the transmission of heat energy

through electromagnetic wave.
40

RATE OF OXIDATION

ion
t
a
d
Oxi ting
Rus

fSel

low
S
y
Ver nths)
(mo

tin
a
e
H

ble
a
mm Fire
a
l
F
id
u
q
i
L

on
i
s
o
l
Exp

id
p
a
R
ds
n
o
Sec

r
Hou

Combustion maybe very slow or very41 rapid.

THE COMBUSTION PROCESS

Light

COMBUSTION

Heat

Air and fuel mix

Vapor broken down
Vapor produced

Fuel (wood)
Heat Source

42

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

Heat
HEAT

energy in transit

Temperature
An indicator of heat and is a measure of the
warmth or coldness of an object based on
standard arbitrary unit.
43

FIRE DEVELOPMENT
Atmospheric condition
Incipient Stage
flammable vapor coming out from the fuel is invisible.

Smoldering Stage
10% of the flammable vapor from the fuel is visible.

Flaming Stage
flammable vapors are ignited and self propagating.

Heat Stage
Generates sufficient heat to warm the air immediately
around the fire.
44

FIRE DEVELOPMENT
Confined Space
Incipient Stage

Full-blown
Stage

Burn-out
Phase

Flashover
Ignition

Growth

Fully
Developed
Fire

Time

Decay

45

FIRE DEVELOPMENT
Atmospheric condition
Fuel (wood)
Fuel (wood)

Incipient
Stage

Fuel (wood)

Smoldering
Stage

Fuel (wood)

Heat
Stage

Flaming
Stage

46

FIRE DEVELOPMENT
Confined Space
Ignition describes the period when the four elements of fire
tetrahedron come together and combustion begins.

Growth fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel.

Flashover transition between the growth and fully developed fire.
Fully developed all the combustible materials in the confined
space are involved in fire.

Decay the rate of heat releases begins to decline.

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Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

48

SCBA Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cylinder
Back Pack
Low pressure warning device
Lung Demand Valve(LDV)
Full Face Mask

49

CYLINDER
(common type)

Carbon Fiber

Plastic Fiber
50

CYLINDER
Example: for 4 liter/300 bar cylinder
Total air capacity = Cylinder capacity
x Cylinder pressure
=
4 x 300
=
1200 liters of air
Total duration of = Total air capacity / Average consumption
cylinder
=
1200 / 40
=
30 mins
Working Duration = Total duration - Safety factor
= 30 mins - 10 mins
= 20 mins

51

Back Pack

52

Low Pressure Warning Device

(Audible Alarm) 50 bar

Lung Demand Valve (LDV)

54

Full Face Mask

55

Donning (SCBA)
Pre-Donning
Donning
Doffing
56