Presentation on Couplings, Clutches & Brakes

By Subhajyoti Ganguly

4/24/15

Subhajyoti Ganguly

INTRODUCTION
Coupling and Clutches are power transmission
elements. It is used for transmitting power from
one shaft to the another.
A Brake is a frictional device whose primary
function is to control the motion of the machine
member.

4/24/15

Subhajyoti Ganguly

Coupling
A coupling is a device used to connect or couple two shafts.
Shafts are mostly available up to 7 meters length due to
transport difficulty. To get a greater length , it is necessary to
joint two or more pieces of the shaft using coupling.
Shaft coupling are used in machinery for following purposes:
1) To connect shafts of motor and generator which are
manufactured separately and to provide for disconnection
for repairs or alternations.
2) To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft
to another.
3) To allow misalignment of the shaft or to introduce
mechanical flexibility.
4) To introduce protection against overloads.
4/24/15

Subhajyoti Ganguly

Types of couplings
Sleeve or
muff coupling
Rigid
coupling

Clamp or
comression
coupling

Unprotected
type

Flange coupling
Coupling

blushed pin
type
flange coupling
Flexible
coupling

Protected type

universal
coupling
Oldham
coupling

4/24/15

Subhajyoti Ganguly

Sleeve or muff coupling

It is made from cast iron and very simple to design and manufacture.
It consists of a hollow cylinder whose inner diameter is the same as
diameter of the shaft.
The hollow cylinder is fitted over the end of the two shafts with the help of
taper sunk key.
A key and sleeve useful to transmit power from one shaft to the other shaft.
The main disadvantage of this coupling is that it is difficult to assemble
when there is no perfect alignment between shafts.

4/24/15

Subhajyoti Ganguly

Clamp or split muff or compression coupling

In this coupling , the muff or sleeve is made into two halves parts of cast
iron and they are join together by means of mild steel studs and nuts.
The advantages of this coupling is that assembling of the coupling is
possible without change the position of shaft.
This coupling is used for heavy power transmission at moderate speed.

4/24/15

Subhajyoti Ganguly

Flange coupling

This coupling is having two separate cast iron flanges.

Each flange is mounted on the shaft end and keyed to it.
This coupling prevent catching clothes of workman.
This flange couplings is most accurate and rigid.
It is used for heavy power transmission at low speed.

4/24/15

Subhajyoti Ganguly

Bush pin type flange coupling

This is modified form of protected type flange coupling.

This type of coupling has a pins and it work as a coupling bolts.
The rubber or leather bushes are used over the pins.
This coupling is used to connect of shafts which having the small parallel
misalignment, angular misalignment and axial displacement.
This type of coupling is mostly used to couple an electric motor and
machine.

4/24/15

Subhajyoti Ganguly

Universal coupling

Universal coupling consists of two similar forks keyed on the ends of the two
shafts.
This coupling is used to connect two shafts whose axis intersect.
It also used to connect two shafts, where the angle between two shafts may
be varied when they rotate.
It is widely used in automobile and machine tools.

4/24/15

Subhajyoti Ganguly

Oldhams coupling

It consist of two flange and a central floating disc.

This coupling is used in connecting two parallel shafts but not in alignment,
and their axis are at small distance apart.

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Clutches
Clutch is a one of the form of coupling.
Clutches is used to transmit the power from driving shaft
to driven shaft of machine which may be required to start or
stop frequently.
It is so designed that the two members may be engaged
or disengaged whenever required either by a hand operated
device or automatically by the action of some power driven
devices.

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Types of clutches
jaw clutch
positive
contact
clutche
toothed clutch

mechanical
disc clutch

pneumatic
clutches

friction
clutches

cone clutch

hydraulic
centrifugal clutch

electromagnetic

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Disc clutches

This type of clutch consists of two flanges, one flange is rigidly to the driving
shaft and other flange fitted to the driven shaft.
Single disc clutches are used in automobiles.
When large torque transmission is required the multi disc clutch are used.
Multi disc clutch has more number of contact surfaces discs on driving and
driven shaft.

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Cone clutch

The cone clutch consists two cones , one internal cone fixed to the driven
shaft and another cone fitted on the driven shaft.
The operating lever used only for disengagement of the clutch.
The main advantage of cone clutch over the disc clutch is very simple and
required less axial pressure to disengaged the clutch.

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Centrifugal clutch

It consists of a number of shoes on the inside of a drum or rim of the pulley.

The upper surface of the shoes are covered with a friction material.
The spider is fitted on the driving shaft.
When centrifugal force is equal to spring force, the shoe is just floating.
But, when centrifugal force higher than the spring force, the shoes moves
outward and comes into contact with the driven member and pressure
against it.
The increase of speed causes the shoes to press harder and clutch transmit
more power.

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Jaw clutch

It is consists of segmental projections on one of the flange and

corresponding recesses on other flange on the driven shaft.
Driving flange rigidly keyed to the driving shaft while the other flange is
keyed to driven shaft by splines so that it can slide on that shaft.
The sliding flange engage with the fixed flange to transmit the motion and
power from driving shaft.
This clutch is used for the transmission of power in agricultural equipment
like tractor, thresher, etc.

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Brakes
A brake is a mechanical device which produces
frictional resistance against moving machine
member, in order to slow down the motion of
machine.
In the process of performing this function, the
brake absorbs kinetic energy of moving member
and the brake absorbs potential energy of
lowering member.
The energy absorbed by brakes is released to
surrounding in form of heat.
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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Types of brakes

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Block brake
Single block or shoe brake:

A single block is consists of a block which is pressed against the rim of

revolving brake wheel drum.

This brake is used in railway trains and tram cars.

The prony brake is example of block brake.

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Double block or shoe brake:

It consists of two brake blocks at the

opposite ends of the wheel.

These shoes apply force to both sides of wheel and reduces the
unbalanced force on the shaft.
The spring pulls the upper end of brake arms together and brake is
applied.
When a force is applied to the bell crank lever, the spring is compressed
and the brake is released.
This brake is used on electric cranes.
The bicycle brake is example of double block brake.

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Band brake

A band brake consists of a flexible steel band lined with friction material,
which wrap to the brake drum.
When an upward force is applied to the lever end, the lever turns about the
fulcrum pin and tightens the band on the drum and hence the brakes are
applied.
The friction between the band and the drum provides the braking force.
This type of brake is used in civil construction equipment and also in
automobiles as hand brake.
The rope brake is example of band brake.

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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Internal expanding shoe brake

An internal expanding shoe brake consists of two shoes.

The outer surface of the shoes are covered with friction material.
Each shoe is pivoted at one end about a fixed fulcrum and other end rests
against cam.
When the cam is operated, the shoe are pushed outwards against brake
drum.
The friction between the shoes and the drum produces the braking torque.
This type of brake is commonly used in motor cars and light trucks.

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Subhajyoti Ganguly

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