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Communications
Chapter 1
History of Telecommunications
Invention
1837
Invention of telephone- Alexander
Graham Bell 1876
Development of wireless By ??? 1896
Concept of universal access and growth
of AT&T
Divestiture of AT&Twhat year??
History of Telecommunications
Continued.
Table 1-3
Table 1-4
Features of Communication
Types of messages
File
Request
Response
Status
Control
Correspondence
Understandability
Error Detection
Network Applications
The
The
Figure 1-10
Response Time
Throughput
Consistency
Flexibility
Availability
Reliability
Mean time between failure (MTBF)
Mean time to repair (MTTR)
Fault Tolerance
Recovery
Security
Groupware Applications
Group calendar
systems
Electronic filing
cabinets
Project management
software
Group support
systems
Electronic meeting
and
videoconferencing
systems
Document
management
systems (image
processing systems)
Batch applications
Data entry
applications
Distributed
applications
Inquiry/response
applications
Interactive
applications
Sensor-based
applications
Combined
applications
Important Standard-Setting
Organizations
Table 1-5
Table 1-6
Table 1-7
Introduction to Networks
Can
Store-and-Forward Systems
Figure 1-5
Figure 1-6
Figure 1-7
Telecom Channels
twisted wires
coaxial cable
fiber-optic cable
backbone
wireless
microwave
satellite
Transmission Speeds
M
edium
Speed
Cost
TwistedW
ire
Microwave
Satellite
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Low
High
Data Communication
Frameworks
Two
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
7
6
5
4
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
3
2
1
Network
Data Link
Physical
LAYER 7 APPLICATION
The visual interface level between the user
and the network, or computer. (Ex Word, Excel,
Access, Email)
LAYER 6-- PRESENTATION
This layer is responsible for converting the
visual interface into a code that is then sent
through the computer or network. For
example, this layer may convert ASCII code
(what many applications like Word use) to an
8-bit code.
LAYER 5 SESSION
This layer keeps track of whose turn it is to
receive traffic, basically it is a dialog control.
This is the level that acknowledges receipt of a
transmission as well as sends the message to
the network.
LAYER 4 TRANSPORT
All streams of data are received and combined
into one single stream so that data may be
sent through the network. Multiplexing and
demultiplexing occurs on this layer.
7
6
5
4
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
LAYER
LAYER
LAYER
3
2
1
Network
Data Link
Physical
BOTTOM/LOWER LAYERS
LAYER 3 NETWORK
On this level the router exists to determine if
the message is meant for the system or if it
needs to be redirected to its final destination.
This is done by a header system, which is
programmed to accept or reject depending if
the header is the one used by the network.
LAYER 2 DATA LINK
There is where a check of the message occurs.
That is the message is checked for the proper
frame, formation, synchronization, power level,
voltage, and wavelength. If the test is a
successful, the message is sent to the network
layer to determine if the message is truly
meant for the system.
LAYER 1 PHYSICAL
Where the actual physical makeup of the
message is identified. That is the duration of
bits, the right number of bits, and the right
wavelength is checked. As with the other two
layers, if this test is successful, the message is
sent up the chain.
OSI LAYER
INTERACTIONS
Application
Process
DATA
Application
Process
Incoming Frame
Reduction
Outgoing Frame
Application
Construction
Presentation
PCI DATA
PCI APDU
PCI PPDU
Session
Transport
Network
Link
PCI SPDU
PCI TPDU
PCI NPDU
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Link
Physical
Figure 1-9
Digital Signal
1
digital
Computer
analog
Modem
digital
Modem
telephone lines
Computer