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Introduction to process
measurement
The purpose of measurement
Kinds of signals
Remote vs local display
Error in measurement system
Calibration
Calibration laboratory
Field calibration
Function of sensor
1. An instrument must sense the process to be measured.
part of the instrument must stretch bend, or change
position or characteristics when affected by process.
2. The instrument must convert this response into an
electrical or pneumatic signals.
CONTROL LOOP
transmitter
Function of transducer
The process sensing element is
usually a bellow, a diaphragm or a
bourden tube.
The primary conversion element
converts the mechanical action of a
process sensing element to an
electrical signal, usually an electrical
resistance or a voltage.
The secondary conversion element is
usually an electronic circuit that
produces a standard signal according
to the need of the control system.
Sensors transducers
Pressure sensors.
Flow sensors.
Thermometers.
Liquid level sensors.
Vibration and speed sensors.
Proximity and displacement sensors.
Fire, Flame and smoke detectors.
Analyzers.
Transducer principle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Capacitive.
Inductive.
Piezoelectric.
Resistive.
Potentiometer.
Strain gage.
Photoconductive.
Thermoelectric.
PRESSURE
BOURDEN TUBE
PRESSURE SENSOR
BELLOWS
DIAPHRAGM
STRAIN GAUGE
CAPACITVE
INDUCTIVE
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
POTENTIOMETRIC
MAGNETIC
PIEZOELECTRIC
PHOTOELECTRIC
Bourdon tubes
bellows
diaphragm
Strain gauge
Capacitive
potentiometer
piezoelectric
inductive
Working on transmitter
A measurement device is made up of two parts
Primary element
Transmitter
Converts signal (Transducer)
Transmits signal
flow meters
Flow is the motion of fluid.
Flow rate is the time rate of motion fluid.
Total flow is the rate integrated over a specific
time interval.
Flow meter is a flow rate transducer.
Laminar flow.
Turbulent flow.
Reynolds no.
Units of measurement
Cubic foot/minuet.
Gallon/minuet.
Liter/sec.
FLOW
DIFFERENCIAL PRESSURE
PRIMARY ELEMENT
MECHANICAL FLOWMETER
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ELECTRONIC FLOWMETER
ROTARY FLOWMETER
VORTEX FLOWMETER
ULTRASONIC FLOWMETER
plate
Veturi tube
Flow nozzle
2. Eccentric
Opening slightly off
center.
Used for the fluid or gas
which has solid particles.
Venturi Tube
Flow Nozzle
Rota meter
Positive displacement
flow meters
Trap a known volume of fluid and allow it to pass from
meter inlet to outlet.
Total flow measurement.
They have accurate,precise,and have a wide flow range.
They are expensive and object to corrosion.
They are used for water meters and gasoline pumps.
temperature
Bimetallic and liquid filled system
thermister
thermocouple
Temperature
Temperature Units
Celsius
Fahrenheit F
Kelvin
Pyromete
r
Thermomete
rs
Bimetallic
From 75 C to 540 C
Liquid In Glass
From -120 C to 320 C
Filled System
From -273 C to -185 C
From 650 C to 760 C
Bimetallic Thermometers
Spiral
Helix, Multiple Helix
Use
Read
Reasonably
Carefully
Best
Accurate, Handle
RTDs
Some Metals Resistance Increase on Increase of
Temperature Metals Used in RTD Must Be
Pure
Uniform Quality
RTDs
Temperature,
C
0
200
400
Metal
Resistance
Platinum
Copper
Nickel
Platinum
Copper
Nickel
Platinum
Copper
Nickel
100
100
100
175
186
250
250
275
485
RTDs
RTDs
RTDs
Construction of RTD
RTDs
Measuring Surface Temperature RTDS
Protecting Well for RTDs
RTDs
Advantages of RTD
Extremely accurate
Measure temperature within 0.15 C
Fast in response and small in size
Disadvantages of RTD
Expansive and complex
Require bridge circuit, power supply, meter
Thermistors
Advantages
Three & four wire bridge circuit not required
Two lead wire provide sufficient accuracy
Less expansive and less complicated
Disadvantages
Lack RTD accuracy.
Thermocouple
Thermocouple
Extension Wires
Thermocouple wires
Same as thermocouple ( iron constantan, copper constantan
Other material for platinum thermocouple
Copper or copper alloy
Thermocouple
Construction of Thermocouple
Thermocouple
Advantages
In Expansive, Rugged, Accurate
Do not use bridge circuit
Wide temperature range 273 to 2800 oC
Disadvantages
Low voltage.
Reference junction kept to be constant
Level
Sight glass
Pressure head instruments
displacer
Differential pressure
Float switches
Electrical instruments
vibration
ultrasonic
Buoyancy:
Buoyant force:
Displacer:
A cable connects the float with the pointer through two pullies.
Float type level indicators are installed on the open tanks and the
tank of the atmospheric pressure.
Displacement level
Ultrasonic level
analyzers
Hydrazine monitor
Sodium monitor
Dissolve oxygen monitor
Flue gas oxygen monitor
Silica monitor
Conductivity monitor
Ph monitor
hydrazine
Main component
sensor
Calibration sequence
Sodium
Reagent solution
Standard solution
Etch solution
Calibration
Zero calibration
Air calibration
Silica monitoring
installation
Calibration setup
CONDUCTIVITY ANALYZERS
Measuring principle
Conductance is a measure ability of
electric circuit to pass current.
G = 1/R(siemense)
Na+
Cl-
Conductivity probes
Electrode type
Inductive type
Na+
Cl-
355,000
Sea Water
50,000
50
Distilled Water
0.5
0.055
100
10,000
1,000,000
CONDENSER/EXTRACTION PUMPS
Calibration
Zero standard solution
Grab sample
Decade box
PH monitor
pH Theory
pH is a Unit of Measurement
pH = Power of Hydrogen (H+)
Defined as the Negative Logarithm of
Hydrogen Ion Activity
pH = log (1/H+)
pH Sensor Components
pH Measuring Electrode
pH Measuring Electrode
Reference Cell
Purpose is to Develop a
Millivolt Potential Directly
Proportional to the Free
Hydrogen Ion Concentration
in an Aqueous Solution
Reference Cell
KCl Buffered
to 7 pH
KCl Gel
Ag/AgCl Element
pH Sensitive Glass
Liquid Junction
Purpose is to Maintain a
Constant Reference Potential
Regardless of pH Change or
Other Ionic Activity in the
Solution
pH is a Potentiometric
Measurement
pH Measuring Electrode
Reference Electrode
Ion Concentration
Acid
Neutral
Alkaline
pH
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Typical pH Values
4.0% NaOH
Crackers
Blood
Pure Water
Milk
Beer
Tomatoes
Oranges
Lemons
4.9 % H2SO4
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
pH
8.0
calibration
Standard buffers
Grab sample
Ionization sensors
Photo sensors
Thermal sensors
Flam detector
heat generated
Ionization
radiation
Ionization sensors
Photo sensors
Thermal sensors
Flam detector
heat generated
Ionization
radiation
Inductive sensors
Magnetic sensors
LVDT sensors
Optical sensors
Ultrasonic sensors