SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SPEED CONTROL
BY
V/F METHOD THROUGH
MICROCONTROLLER

GUIDED BY:

SUBMITTED BY:

Introduction

Speed control was used in DC motors because of constant

speed operation at all load and simple controller design but
it was inefficient and required high maintenance.

Now, Due to the advancement in microcontroller and

power electronics; Induction motors are being used in
greater numbers throughout a wide variety of domestic
and commercial applications because it provides many
benefits and reliable device to convert the electrical energy
into mechanical motion.

Continue.
Because

of the only availability of single

phase power for the domestic purpose. So,

here we implemented a single phase motor
speed control hardware to control various
appliances such as washing machines, fans,
hand-held power tools and induction motorbased centrifugal pump.

Literature Survey
literature

study is performed about various

methods of controlling the speed of the single

phase

induction

motor

and

come

to

the

conclusion that the best solution is using a PSC

(permanent slip capacitor) motor with threephase inverter bridge.

This system allows varying the induction motors

speed, varying the frequency and voltage.

Continue.
It

was made implementing PWM (Pulse Width

Modulation)

control

algorithms

in

PIC

microcontroller.

Microcontroller

output signals are sent to the IGBTs

driver and finally to the IGBTs, where DC bus

(generated by a rectifier) is synthesized to provide
two Sinusoidal voltages at 90 degrees out of phase
with varying amplitude and varying frequency to
fed the motor, according to the V/f profile.

Speed Control Of Induction Motor

The speed of an Induction Motor is given as
follows
N = 120 f / P

The torque equation of the induction motor

can be expressed as follows
T = [(k2f2)/(Rr/s)2+(Llr)2 ]*Rr/S

Various Speed Control

Techniques
Pole

changing

Stator
Rotor

resistance control

Stator
V/F

voltage control

frequency control

constant control

V/F Method Of Speed Control

In this mode of operation, the voltage across the

magnetizing inductance in the exact equivalent circuit
reduces in amplitude with reduction in frequency

Smooth variation of voltage and frequency of the AC

output

The current through the inductance and the flux in the

machine remains constant

Torque-speed Curves With V/F Held

Constant

SPIM Requirements

Voltage ratio Vaux/Vmain is approximately equal

to the effective turns ratio a, Naux/Nmain(1.37
for the motor used for this project)

Current ratio is Iaux/Imain=1/a Vaux leads Vmain

by 90 at rated frequency

Constant

V/Hz

(voltage

adjustable speed control

frequency

ratio)

for

Configuration Of SPIM Drive

Circuit Topology Of Drive

MICROCONTROLLER
CONTROL CIRCUIT INPUT

RECTIFIE
R

INVERTER

Pulse Width Modulation

To

digitalize the power

To

produce the desired RMS output

Triangle wave is used as carrier and reference signal is

sinusoidal

wave,

whose

frequency

is

the

desired

frequency

To produce the desired fundamental component of

frequency

PWM AND FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

Problem Formulation
Input

section is replaced with a standard diode

bridge rectifier

Output

One

section has a 3-phase inverter bridge

end of the main winding and start windings

are connected to one half bridge each, The other

are tied together and connected to the third half
bridge

Circuit Diagram

PIC16F72 Microcontroller

To control 3-phase inverter bridge

Generate PWM frequency approximately 8 KHz

Timer1 (1:4 prescale) is counted up from 00 to 634

Gives a dead time of one micro second when the

microcontroller is running at 20 MHz

PORT C <0:5> are initialized to output PWMs

Continue

A/D channels are initialized to read frequency reference (AN1)

-Frequency reference is read using a potentiometer connected to
A/D channel 1.

Timer0 is used for setting the motor frequency based on the

potentiometer setting

The sine table is loaded into RAM

Timer0 overflow, Timer1 overflow and INT interrupts are enabled

PIC16F72 Pin Description

Microcontroller Limitation

Generating software PWM takes significant processing

power. This limits any other application that may be
required to run on the same MCU

The safe PWM frequency range is from 6 khz to 10 kHz with

an operating frequency of 20 Mhz. The PWM cycle may
have an error up to 5%.

The resolution is also limited between 6 to 8 bits. In

addition to this, generating PWM outputs in firmware uses
the on-chip Timer, program and data memory.

Driver IRAMS10UP60A
Integrated

Gate Drivers and Bootstrap Diodes

Temperature

Monitor

Temperature

and Over current shut down

Fully

Isolated Package

Low

VCE (on) Non Punch Through IGBT

Technology

Under-voltage

lockout for channels

Continue..
Matched
Low

propagation delay for all channels

side IGBT emitter pins for current control

Schmitt-triggered

input logic

Cross-conduction

prevention logic

Lower

di/dt gate driver for better noise

immunity

Internal Electrical Sechmatic-IRAMS10UP60A

Printed Circuit Board

Designing
Eagle

PCB layout editor 6.1.0 is

used
Developed

the schematic of the

circuit
Convert

its schematic into board

which is required PCB layout

Schematic of Circuit

PCB Layout

Power Supply
5

V DC supply for microcontroller

15

V DC supply for Driver Power

Module- IRAMS10UP60A

30

V Isolated power Supply for

generate the results

Coding
Coding

is

done

in

Assembly

language
MP

Lab assembler is used for the

simulation

MP

Lab assembler is also used for

generating of Hex file of the code

Results
Auxiliary and Main winding voltage respectively at 25 Hz

Auxiliary and Main winding voltage

respectively at 40 Hz

Auxiliary and Main winding voltage

respectively at 60 Hz

Implemented Hardware

Discussion & Conclusion

It

is the single-phase induction motor

that makes the less noise.

Excellent

for applications with high

on/off cycle rates.

Most

reliable
motors.

The

of

the

single-phase

best choice for variable speed

control.

Scope & Future Work

In

addition, a 3-phase induction motor can

be controlled using the firmware

Gives

flexibility to
changing hardware

We

the

system

without

can protect the hardware by adding over

current, over voltage and over temperature
peripheral circuitry and complex software
programming.