TEST EQUIPMENT

TRAINING MODULE
FOR
MANAGEMENT TRAINEES

Compiled By

Muhammad Irfan Khalid

Liaqat Ali
Zafar Ahmad
2

Components and Structure of Access

Network

Primary cable

Secondary cable

MDF
Connection
Cabinet

Distribution
Box(DP)

Copper Cables Based

Drop Wire

user

TYPE OF MAINTENANCE
Preventive maintenance, is conducted to keep
equipment working and/or extend the life of the
equipment.
Corrective maintenance, sometimes called
"Repair", is conducted to get equipment working
again.

TESTING POINT OF ACCESS N/W

There are five testing points in access
network for fault localization:
1) MDF
2) Divisional Cabinet (OLD Almirah type) /Cross
Connection Cabinet (Small fiber type)
3) DP
4) Terminating Box
5) Rossete

INSULATION RESISTANCE
Definition:

Insulation resistance is the resistance of the

insulating which separates the conductors.
It is the total resistance of all the leakage path
through out the cable.
Insulation resistance is inversely proportional to
length of the cable.
insulation resistance decrease with the
increases in length of cable.

INSULATION RESISTANCE (CONTD)

The low insulation resistance causes.
(a) Electricity leakage in the line,
(b) Heavy loss of energy,
(c) Weaken signals.

INSULATION RESISTANCE (CONTD)

Unit of insulation resistance:

Insulation resistance is measured in
Mega ohm and expressed as
M ohm /km.
one mega ohm =10,00,000 ohm..

INSULATION RESISTANCE (CONTD)

Standards of insulation resistance of
different types of cable.
PE cable
10,000 mega ohm/km
PCQT cable 10,000 mega ohm/km
PCUT cable 5000 mega ohm/km
DROP WIRE 10,000 mega ohm/km

INSULATION RESISTANCE (CONTD)

Equipment used for measuring insulation resistance:
(a) Meggar 100V DC 100 M ohm
500V DC 500 M ohm
500V DC 1000 M ohm
(b) Insulation Tester.
(c) Meggar ohm meter.
(d) Electronic Meggar.

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DC LOOP RESISTANCE
Telephone line consist of two wire (a & b wire)
DC loop resistance is the total resistance of
telephone line.
DC LOOP RESISTANCE = RESISTANCE
OF A & B WIRE.

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DC LOOP RESISTANCE (CONTD)

It is expressed as ohm/km.
Its value mainly depends on the diameter of
conductor of the cable.
DC loop resistance decrease by the increase in
diameter of conductor.

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DC LOOP RESISTANCE (CONTD)

STANDARDS OF DC LOOP RESISTANCE OF
COPPER CABLE:
0.4 mm conductor diameter 290 ohm/km.
0.5 mm conductor diameter 184 ohm/km.
0.6 mm conductor diameter 126 ohm/km.
0.7 mm conductor diameter 92 ohm/km.
1.0 mm conductor diameter 144 ohm/km.

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DC LOOP RESISTANCE (CONTD)

EQUIPMENT USED FOR MEASURING
OF DC LOOP RESISTANCE:
(a) Bridge Meggar.
(b) Digital multimeter.

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SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (SNR)

The ratio of signal to noise , an indication of
signal quality in analog system.
For DSL SNR > 7
For IPTV SNR > 10

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CROSSTALK / TWISTED PAIR

The noise on a line caused by signals traveling
along another line.
Electromagnetic interference from one pair can
create a noise over others pairs.
For the solution of this problem, the wire pairs
are twisted around each other at regular
intervals (between 2 and 12 twist per foot).

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DROPWIRE.
Roll length
Roll Weights
Attenuation loss
Dip
Headway on main road
Headway on branch road

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500 meters
15 KG
0.87 db / Km
1 Cm/ Meter
20 feet
16 feet

DISTANCE OF DROP WIRE/SSA FROM

OPEN WIRE POWER LINES
Parallel
Up to 220 V
min
Up to 15KV
min
Up to 50 KV
min
Up to 110 KV min

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1.0 m
5.0 m
5.0 m
5.0 m

under crossing
min 0.5 m
min 1.0 m
min 1.8 m
not allowed.

TYPES OF FAULTS

Insulation is that property of insulating material that

opposes the leakage of electricity through it .

Earth is touching of A or B wire with such a point which

resists flowing of current likely with each other or cabling
sheath.

A
B

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Types of Faults (Contd)

Break of A or B wire from anywhere is known as Break

Fault.
A
B

Contact is touching of A or B wire with each other of

same pair
A
B

Cross Contact Joining of A or B wire of one pair to the

other pair
A
B
A
B

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RECTIFICATION

For the rectification of any faults different

tests are performed for the localization of
fault, after which these faults are removed.

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INSULATION TEST
High resistance in case of good insulation.
Min Standard Insulation of underground
Cable = 5000 Mega Ohms/km

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EARTH TEST

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Low resistance in case of good earth

CONTACT/CROSS CONTACT TEST

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In case of contact between two wires current

get the short alternate path hence low
resistance.

BREAK TEST

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Current didnt find a path to flow hence high

resistance.

TESTING INSTRUMENTS
Digital Meggar
Cable Fault Locator (mTDR-070)
Cable Route Locator
Digital Earth Tester
Multimeter
LQT (Line Quality Tester)

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DIGITAL MEGGAR
Meggar is a high voltage, low
current insulation tester, which is
used for two basic insulation tests.

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Insulation to ground
Insulation between conductors

NanoTronix Cable Fault Locator

(mTDR-070)

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Time Domain Reflectometer

transmitting high frequency
pulses which are reflected by
any impedance defect in the
cable under test. The signature
of the fault are interpreted by
moving the curser at the
beginning of the curve and the
distance to the fault is
indicated.

NanoTronix Cable Fault Locator

(mTDR-070)

It can test following faults of cable from a remote

distance
complete open & short,
partial open & short,
loose connection,
broken lines

Break Fault _____

Contact/Earth ..

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Route Locator (Metrotech 9800

Series)
This device is used to locate the routs and
the depth of underground cable.
This meter consists of two parts
A transmitter and a receiver

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Digital Earth Tester

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Earth is a easy path for the

flow of high current, which is
tested by Digital Earth Tester.
Standard Parameter to be
tested:

Exchange
(x Lines)

Earth Resistance
(Ohms)

500

10

1000

2000

2.5

Above 2000

0.5

Multimeter

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Used for measuring resistance, DC/AC

Voltage and current.
[1] Function/Range Switch: selects the
function
(voltmeter,
ammeter,
or
ohmmeter) and the range for the
measurement.
[2] COM Input Terminal: Common ground,
used in ALL measurements.
[3] V
Input Terminal: for voltage or
resistance measurements.
[4] 200 mA Input Terminal: for small current
measurements.
[5] 10 A Input Terminal: for large current
measurements.
[6] Low Battery LCD: appears when the
battery needs replacement

LQT

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(Line Quality Tester)

XGXC XG204

Automatically match with the

ADSL line standards
Support ADSL2+ and ADSL2
Testing Parameters:
SNR for DSL Line > 10
Attenuation < 45dB

Line Qualification Criteria

Test Parameters

Recommende Comments
d Values

Attenuation
Less than 45 < 30 dB is excellent
(Downstream/Up dB
30-40 dB is very good
stream)
40-45 dB Little or no connectivity issues
45-60
dB

Connectivity
issues
progressively become worse
> 60 dB will experience no synch or
intermittent synch problems
Signal to Noise Greater than <6
will experience no synch or
Ratio
9
intermittent synch problems
6-10 does not leave much room for
variances in condition
10-20 Little or no synch problems
> 20 dB is excellent

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Exercises
1.Checking Insulation Resistance using
Meggar
2.Locating Break and Contact Faults using
Fault Locator
3.Locating cable route using Route Locator
4.Testing Earth using Earth Tester
5.Checking Line Continuity using Multimeter
& Digital Meggar
6.Checking DC Loop Resistance using
Multimeter & Digital Meggar
7.Checking Line Parameters using LQT for
DSL
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