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Power considerations
Batteries: 1 J/mm storage
Capacitors: 10 mJ/mm usable storage
Solar cells: 1 J/(mm day) in sunlight or
1-10 mJ/(mm day) indoors
Optical receiver: 0.1 nJ/bit
Optical transmitter: 1 nJ/bit
A/D converter: 1 nJ/sample
Computation: 1 pJ/instruction
Low-energy computation
Smaller transistors with less parasitic
capacitance consume less dynamic
power.
Reduced supply voltage also means
less dynamic power.
Leakage currents can be decreased
by reverse biasing the channel-tosource junction.
Clock rates of 1-100 kHz are
sufficient for working with some
important types of physical signals.
Wireless communication
power
Radio communication currently
requires several mW of power and
preferably antennas longer than a
millimeter.
Semiconductor lasers and diode
receivers can use less power and are
more directional.
The Smart Dust project explored
optical communication.
The microlens
Laptop computer
Command center
Unmanned vehicle (land, sea, air)
Autonomous systems
Application of microcontroller
The microcontroller was developed
for this prototype smart dust mote.
Architectural features
Highly independent subsystems
Component-level clock gating in
decoder
Processor halt mode
Guarded ALU inputs
Multiple busses
Harvard architecture
Load-store RISC
Main oscillator
Runs continuously at a few kHz
Operates real time clock and five
timers
One timer for each sensor sampling
period
One timer for invoking the
transmitter
One timer for invoking the receiver
One timer for waking up the
datapath
ADC automation
The ADC is configurable to different
levels of automation.
At the minimum level, the sensor and
sample and hold are activated.
At the maximum level, the voltage is
compared to a threshold and, if the
threshold is exceeded, converted and
stored in the SRAM along with a time
stamp.
Transmitter
The processor core uses two
registers to specify what memory
blocks contain data to be
transmitted.
The transmitter formats the data into
packets and transmits them
asynchronously to the CCR.
Specifications