Presented By:

Shreyansh Sinha
Class:- 8th A-2

Clause a group of words that have a

subject and a verb that must always
agree

Phrase a noun, verb, or preposition

with all its modifiers
- does NOT have a subject and verb which agree

Noun phrases
Verb phrases
Prepositional phrases
Appositive phrases

Definition:
-A noun with all its modifiers
-A complete subject is always classified
as a noun phrase.
Example:

The frustrated, irritated

teachers...

Noun: teachers

Modifiers:
the, frustrated, irritated

Defined as a verb with all of its modifiers

EXAMPLE:
completely

frightened the seventh grade students.

Verb - frightened
Modifier - completely
EXAMPLE:

would like to improve her grammar skills.

Verb phrase - would like to improve

Gerunds
verbs that end in ing but DO NOT function as a
verb
- function as nouns
- example: One teacher enjoys frightening new
seventh graders. (noun as a direct object)

Infinitives
- verbs that begin with to
- function as a nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
- example: The language arts classroom is a place
students do not want to enter.
Participles
- verbs that function as an adjective
- example: The screeching teacher frightened
the students.

Defined as the preposition,

the object of the preposition (preposition who or
what),
and all its modifiers

Example:

The frustrated, irritated teachers

enrolled
in Mr. Ruffs Grammar for Dummies
class.
preposition - in
object of the preposition - class
modifiers Mr. Ruffs, Grammar for Dummies

Definition:
Words that contain a subject and a verb
which must always agree.

Two types of clauses:

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

An independent clause MUST HAVE a subject

and a verb which agree.
Example:
The frustrated, irritated teachers finally
understood the basic grammar concepts.

All the words in an independent clause can

act alone as a sentence.

They are a complete thought.

Dependent clauses are off set by a

subordinating conjunction- it is due to this
conjunction that the clause is considered
dependent. There are three different types
of dependent clauses:
1. Adverb
2. Adjective
3. Noun

Acts as an adverb- modifies a verb.

Subordinating Conjunctions: After, Although,
As, Before, Because, If, Since, Until, When,
While
Examples:

The elevator will not move until the doors are

closed.
No one may enter the room while the red light is
on.

Acts as an adjective- modifies a noun.

Subordinating Conjunctions: That, Which, Who,
Whom, Whose
- Who, Whom, Whose= Describe People
- That, Which = Describe Things.
Examples:
Dad needs a secretary who can speak
Portuguese.

Grandpa still had the first dollar that he ever earned.

Acts as a noun or replaces a noun.

Subordinating Conjunctions: who, whom,
what, which, whoever, whomever,
whatever, when, whether, where, how, why.
Examples:

What happened next surprised us all.

The real surprise is how the movie ends.

Thank You !!!!