Chem 17 Post Lab 1

Experiments 1 3

15 February 2015

Experiment 1: Colligative
Properties of Solutions
Solution solute: dispersed
component or
inner phase
solvent: dispersing medium
or
outer phase
Note: a solution will always have a
lower VP, lower FP and higher BP
compared to a pure solvent

Experiment 1: Colligative
Properties of Solutions
Types of Disperse Systems
The term "Disperse System" refers
to a system in which one
substance (the dispersed
phase) is distributed, in discrete
units, throughout a second
substance (the continuous
phase or vehicle).
Each phase can exist in solid,
liquid, or gaseous state .

Experiment 1: Colligative
Properties of Solutions
Types of Disperse Systems
Medium/Phase
Gas
Gas

Dispersed phase
Liquid
Solid

None

Liquid aerosol Solid aerosol

(All gases are mutually

(fog, hair sprays)

particles)

miscible)

Liquid

Foam
(whipped cream,
shaving cream)

Solid

Emulsion

Sol

(milk
(blood
mayonnaise) pigmented ink)

Solid foam
(aerogel, pumice

(smoke cloud, air

Gel

(agar, gelatine
polystyrene foam)
jelly, opal)

Solid sol
(jewel, gemstone)

Experiment 1: Colligative
Properties of Solutions
Types of Disperse Systems

Heterogenous
dispersion
> 500 (1000) nm
heterogenous
systems (blood,
milk)

Colloid dispersion
1 500 (1000)
nm
microheterogenou
s system (plasma,
macromolecular
solutions)

True solution
< 1 nm
homogenous
systems, salt, acid
and base solutions

Experiment 1: Colligative
Properties of Solutions
Colligative Properties: properties
that depend entirely on the
amount of solute, not on its
identity, present in a solution
1.

VP lowering VP: P exerted

by the vapor in equilibrium
with its condensed phase.

Experiment 1: Colligative
Properties of Solutions
2. FP depression FP: T at which
the liquid and the solid phase are
at equilibrium
3. BP elevation BP: T at which the
VP of of a liquid is equal to the
barometric pressure

Experiment 1: Colligative
Properties of Solutions
4. Osmotic P the difference in the VP
of the pure solvent and the solution of
the solute in that solvent separated by
a semi- permeable membrane
Osmosis passage of solvent
(water),
from low to high
concentration
through a semipermeable
membrane

Experiment 1: Colligative
Properties of Solutions
Sample problems
1. Calculate the FP and BP of a soln
of 383g glucose dissolved in
400g water.
2. What is the boiling point of a
soln of 30.20g ethylene glycol in
88.40 phenol?
3. Calculate the molar mass of a
noneletrolyte that lowers the FP
of 25g of water to -3.9 C when

Experiment 1: Colligative
Properties of Solutions
Sample problems
4. How much glucose per liter should
be used for an intravenous solution
to match the 7.65 atm at 37 C
osmotic pressure of blood?
5. What is the osmotic pressure of a
solution prepared by adding 13.65
g of sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) to
enough water to make 250 mL of
solution at 25 C?

Experiment 2: Heat Effects and

Calorimetry
Heat, q transfer of energy
Calorimetry the process of measuring
the heat flow (H) using a calorimeter
2 types of calorimeter
1. Coffee- cup calorimeter constant P
2. Bomb calorimeter constant V

Experiment 2: Heat Effects and

Calorimetry
Heat Capacity - amount of heat
required to raise the temperature
of an object or substance one
degree

Experiment 2: Heat Effects and

Calorimetry
Heat of neutralization (Hn) occurs when one equivalent of an
acid and one equivalent of a base
undergo a neutralization reaction
to form water and a salt

Experiment 2: Heat Effects and

Calorimetry
Heat of solution - enthalpy change
associated with the dissolution of
a substance in a solvent at
constant pressure
1. Endothermic reaction T of the
system increases
2. Exothermic reaction T of the
universe increases

Experiment 2: Heat Effects and

Calorimetry
Heat of combustion - energy
released as heat when a
compound undergoes complete
combustion with oxygen under
standard conditions, measured by
a bomb calorimeter

Experiment 2: Heat Effects and

Calorimetry
Sample problems
1. 300 grams of ethanol at 10 C is
heated with 14640 Joules of
energy. What is the final
temperature of the ethanol?
specific heat of ethanol is 2.44
J/gC
2. It takes 487.5 J to heat 25 grams
of copper from 25 C to 75 C.
What is the specific heat in

Experiment 2: Heat Effects and

Calorimetry
Sample problems

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics
Chemical kinetics study of rates
and mechanisms of chemical
reactions
Factors that affect reaction rates
1. nature of reactants
2. concentration of reactants
3. temperature
4. catalyst
5. surface area

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics
nature of reactants homogeneity
of the reactants help dictate the
rate of the reaction, acid/base
reactions, the formation of salts,
and ion exchange are fast
reactions while complex
formation reactions are slow
iron + hydrochloric acid vs iron + acetic
acid

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics

concentration of reactants reactions are

due to collisions of reactant species, higher
concentration means faster reaction
temperature higher T,
higher KE, higher chances
of collisions; therefore,
faster reaction
effect of surface area powdered samples
or reactants are always faster

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics
presence of catalyst a catalyst is
a substance that participates in a
chemical reaction and increases
the reaction rate without
undergoing a net chemical
change itself

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics

Order of Reactions - defined as the index, or

exponent, to which its concentration term
in the rate equation is raised
Zero order the reaction rate is
independent of the concentration of the
reactant
1st order reaction rate depends on a single
reactant ie. radioactive decay reactions
2nd order reaction rate depends on 2
reactants

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics
Order of Reactions

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics
Method of initial rates

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics
Theoretical models for Chemical
Kinetics
1. Collision Theory only a fraction
of the collisions among gaseous
molecules lead to chemical
reaction

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics
Transition State Theory a
hypothetical specie (activated
complex) is believed to exist in a
transitory state (transition state)
that lies between the reactants
and the products

Experiment 3: Chemical
Kinetics
Transition State Theory