DIGITAL FILTER DESIGN

Spectral Transformations of
IIR Digital Filters
Objective - Transform a given lowpass
digital transfer function G L(z) to another
digital transfer function G D() that could
be a lowpass, highpass, bandpass or
bandstop filter.
z-1 has been used to denote the unit delay
in the prototype lowpass filter G L(z) and -1
to denote the unit delay in the
transformed filter GD() to avoid confusion.
2

Spectral Transformations of
IIR Digital Filters
Unit circles in z- and -planes defined
by
j
j
z e , z = e

Transformation from z-domain to

z

F
(
z
)
domain given by
Then

GD z GL F z
3

Spectral Transformations of
IIR Digital Filters
Fromz F ( z)

z F z
, thus

, hence

1, if z 1

F z 1, if z 1

1, if z 1

Therefore 1/F() must be a stable

allpass function
1 l* z

,
l
F z
l 1 z
1

l 1
4

Lowpass-to-Lowpass
Spectral Transformation
To transform a lowpass filter GL(z) with a
cutoff frequency c to another lowpass
c a cutoff frequency
filter GD() with
, the
transformation is 1
1 z
z 1

F z

On the unit circle we

j have
e

j
e
j
1e
1
Which yieldstan 2
tan 2
1

Lowpass-to-Lowpass
Spectral Transformation
Solving we get

sin c c 2

sin c c 2

Example - Consider the lowpass digital

filter
GL z

0.0662 1 z 1

1 0.2593z 1 0.6763z
1

0.3917 z 2

which has a passband from dc to 0.25

with a 0.5 dB ripple.
Redesign the above filter to move the
passband edge to 0.35.

Lowpass-to-Lowpass
Spectral Transformation
Here

sin 0.05

0.1934
sin 0.3

Hence, the desired lowpass transfer

function
G is
z G z
D

z 1 0.1934
z
1 0.1934 z 1
1

Lowpass-to-Lowpass
Spectral Transformation
The
transformation

lowpass-to-lowpass

1 z
z

F z z
1

can also be used as highpass-tohighpass, bandpass-to-bandpass and

bandstop-to-bandstop
transformations.
8

Lowpass-to-Highpass
Spectral Transformation
Desired transformation
z 1
z
1 z 1
1

The transformation parameter is given

by
cos c c 2

cos c c 2

where c is the cutoff

frequency
of
the

c
lowpass filter and
is the cutoff
frequency of the desired highpass filter.
9

Lowpass-to-Highpass
Spectral Transformation
Example - Transform the lowpass
filter
0.0662 1 z
G z
1 0.2593z 1 0.6763z 0.3917 z
1 3

with a passband edge at 0.25 to a

highpass
filter
edge
cos
cos 0.15a
passband
0.3468
0.4 with
at 0.55.
Here,
1

z
0.3468
1

The desiredz transformation

is
1 0.3468 z 1

10

Lowpass-to-Highpass
Spectral Transformation
The desired highpass filter is
GD z GL z

z 1 0.3468
z
1 0.3468 z 1
1

11

Lowpass-to-Highpass
Spectral Transformation
The lowpass-to-highpass transformation
can also be used to transform a
highpass filter with a cutoff at c to a
lowpassfilter
with
a
cutoff
at
.
c
And transform a bandpass filter with a
center frequency at 0 to a bandstop
filter with a center frequency
at
.
0

12

Lowpass-to-Bandpass
Spectral Transformation
Desired transformation
2 1 1
z
z
1
1
1
z
1 2 2 1
z
z 1
1
1
2

13

Lowpass-to-Bandpass
Spectral Transformation
The parameters and are given by
cos 2

cos 2
c2

c1

c2

c1

cot c 2 c1 2 tan c 2

where c is the cutoff frequency of

c1 and c 2 and
the lowpass filter,
are
the desired upper and lower cutoff
frequencies of the bandpass filter.
14

Lowpass-to-Bandpass
Spectral Transformation
Special Case - The transformation

c c if
can be simplified
2 c1
Then the transformation reduces to
1

1
1

z z
1 z 1

0
where cos 0
with
denoting the
desired center frequency of the
bandpass filter.
15

Lowpass-to-Bandstop
Spectral Transformation
Desired transformation
2 1 1
z
z
1
1
1
z
1 2 2 1
z
z 1
1
1
2

16

Lowpass-to-Bandstop
Spectral Transformation
The parameters and are given by
cos 2

cos 2
c2

c1

c2

c1

tan c 2 c1 2 tan c 2

where c is the cutoff frequency of

c1 and c 2 and
the lowpass filter,
are
the desired upper and lower cutoff
frequencies of the bandstop filter.
17