Lecture 3

RESEARCH PROPOSAL &

TYPE OF THE RESEARCH

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Learning Objectives
At the end of todays
session, the student should
be able to :
Explain the components of the research
proposal
2. Describe the type of research
3. Discuss the differences between
quantitative and qualitative research
4. Characterize basic qualitative methods
1.

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL
I. Title
II. Introduction
III. Literature
Review
IV. Methodology
V.
Bibliography
VI.
Appendix
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1. Title
1. Reflects contents of the research
2. Simple sentence
3. Avoid abbreviation
4. Avoid interrogative sentence
5. Location and time of study
6. etc.
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2. Introduction
1. Background of Problem
2. Problem Statement
3. Hypothesis
4. Objective
5. Significance of the study

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2.1 Background of the

Problem
Problem ?
Research Problem ?
Problem Selection Criteria :
Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant
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Sources of Research Problems :

a. Literature
b. Scientific meetings
c. Personal experiences
d. Opinion of experts
e. Non-scientific sources

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2.2 Problem Statement

Criteria :
a. Interrogative sentence(s)
b. Be specific and not ambiguous
c. Separate statement for more than
one research questions

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2.3
Hypothesis
is simply a statement of predicted
relationships between the variables
being studied

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3
Hypothesis
Condition X

is related to
Condition Y
the occurrence of

Antecedent condition

Independent
variable
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Effect

Dependent
variable

2.3.
Hypothesis
Functions
Classification
Stating the Hypothesis
Always necessary ?

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2.3
Hypothesis
Functions
serves to narrow down the field of
the research study
forces the researcher to be precise
in stating the specific situation
being studied
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2.3
Hypothesis
Functions

guides the methodology for the

remainder of the study
serves as a framework for stating
conclusions of the study as
direct answer to the purpose of
the study

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2.3
Hypothesis
Functions
will be testable
the researcher will be able to
collect data that can then be
analyzed statistically to
determine if the hypothesis can
be supported

A hypothesis is not proved;

it is either supported or not supported
(rejected)

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2.3
Hypothesis

Criteria :

1. Stated in affirmative sentence, simple

and clear
2. Has strong theoretical background
3. Stated the relationship between a
dependent variable and one or more
independent variable(s)
4. Empirically can be tested
5. The statement should be specific
6. Should be stated before the study (a priori )
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 Stating the Hypothesis (Examples)

Educational levels of the mothers
have some influences on the growth
and development of their children
Taking X medicine may cause
disorder of the reproductive function

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 Stating the Hypothesis

Example
Birth weights of the neonates born by
the mothers of smoking husbands are
lower than those who were born by the
mothers of non-smoker husbands

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 Stating the Hypothesis (Example)

The children who do not communicate with
adult persons will suffer from severe
mental retardation

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 Is a Hypothesis is
Always Necessary ?

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2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study
the single statement that identifies
the focus of the research
what the researcher intends to do
to answer the research question

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2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study
3 ways : (1) as a declarative statement
(2) as a question
(3) as a hypothesis

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2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study
(1) as a declarative statement
The purpose of this study is to describe the effect
of structured individualized versus structured group
instruction on successful breast feeding
by primiparas in their home setting

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2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study
(2) as a question
The purpose of this study is to answer the
question : Is there a significant relationship
between a method of teaching about breast
feeding and successful breast feeding by
primiparas in their home setting ?
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2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the
Study
(3) as a hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to test the following

hypothesis:
Primiparas who receive individualized instruction
in breast feeding will have a significantly more
successful breast-feeding experience in their
home setting than primiparas who receive
structured group instruction in breast feeding
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2.4 Objective

General Objective
Specific Objective

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2.4 Objective

General Objective
From this study those factors which are responsible
for stopping breast-feeding in urban communities
can be identified and this will be useful for giving
feedback for promoting the breast-feeding program.

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2.4 Objective

Specific
Objective

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2.5 Significance of the

Study
Science
Health Service / Health
Policy
Research

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3. Review of Related Literature

Reasons to Review the
Literature

To determine what has already been

done
Provides ideas about the kinds of
studies that
need to be done
To point out research strategies
To help the researcher to interpret the
results
of the study
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Theoretical
Framework
Conceptual Framework

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 Theoretical
Framework
The use of one theory or interrelated
theories to support the rationale
(reason) for conducting the study
and provide a guide to analyzing the
results

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 Conceptual
Framework
The use of one or more related concepts that
underlie the study problem and support the
rationale (reason) for conducting the study
The concepts should also be discussed in
relationship to the variables being investigated
(Use diagram)

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Recent publications
( the last 5-7 years )

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4. Methodology
1. Study Design
2. Location and Time
3. Study Population
4. Sampling
5. Sample size
6. Inclusion and exclusion
criteria
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7. Informed consent
8. Procedures
9. Identifying Variables
10. Operational definition
11. Plan of data analysis and data
interpretation

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5. Bibliography

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APPENDIXES

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Curriculum vitae of researchers

Budget
Time schedule of the study
Informed consent (Form)
Statistical formulas
Instruments of the study (e.g. Questionnaire)
Dummy Table
Others

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Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
1. Introduction to Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
2. Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative
Research
3. Types of Quantitative and Qualitative
Research

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Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
1. Introduction
Many researchers have narrowly defined
scientific research method to include only
quantitative research.
This research method is based on the philosophy
of logical empiricism

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Quantitative
research ?
Quantitative research is
a formal, objective, systematic process in
which numerical data are utilized to obtain
information about the world

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Quantitative research
Is used to
- describe variables
- examine relationships among
variables
- determine cause- and-effect
interactions between variables
the predominantly used method of
scientific
investigation
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Qualitative research
?
Qualitative research is

a systematic, subjective approach used to

describe life experiences and give them
meaning

not a new idea in social and behavioral

sciences
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2. Comparison of Quantitative
and
Qualitative Research
Qualitative

Quantitative
Research
Hard science
Focus : concise and

Research
Soft science
Focus : complex
and
broad

narrow
Reductionistic
Objective

Holistic
Subjective

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2. Comparison of Quantitative
and
Qualitative Research
Quantitative
Research
Reasoning : logistic
and
deductive
Basis of knowing :
cause-and-effect
relations.

Qualitative Research
Reasoning :
dialectic,
inductive
Basis of knowing :
meaning,
discovery
Develops theory

Tests theory
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Quantitative
Research

Qualitative Research

Shared interpretation
Control
Communication and

Instruments

observation
Basic elements of
analysis
:
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numbers

Basic elements of
analysis :
words

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Quantitative
Research

Qualitative Research

Individual interpretation
Statistical analysis

Uniqueness

Generalization

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3. Types of Quantitative and

Qualitative Research
Types of Quantitative Research
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. QuasiExperiment
4. Experiment
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1. Nonintervention
(Observational)
2. Intervention

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Types of Qualitative
Research
1. Phenomenology
2. Grounded
Theory
3. Ethnography
4. etc.

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1. Phenomenological
Research
Phenomenological research is an inductive,
descriptive approach developed from
phenomenological philosophy
The focus of phenomenological philosophy is
understanding the response of whole human
being, not just specific parts of behaviors

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The aim of phenomenological research

is to describe an experience as it is lived
by the person, such as describing a
persons experience of pain as it is lived
by that person

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2. Grounded Theory
Research
GTR is an inductive research technique.
This research approach is useful in
discovering what problems exist in a
social scene and the process persons use
to handle them
GTR emphasizes observation and the development
of practice-based intuitive relationships between
variables
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The research process involves

formulation, testing, and redevelopment of
propositions until a theory evolves.
The theory developed is grounded or
has its roots in the data from which it was
derived

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3. Ethnographic
Research
ER for investigating cultures through an indepth study of the members of the culture.
ER attempts to tell the story of peoples daily
lives while describing the culture they are a
part of
ER process is the systematic collection,
description, and analysis of data to
develop a theory of cultural behavior
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Using ER different cultures are described,

compared and contrasted to add to the
understanding of the impact of culture on
human behavior and health

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Lets have a break !!

Learn what youve got

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