TAR1 Chapter 15d

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The American Republic To 1877

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1
Slavery and the West
Section 2
A Nation Dividing
Section 3
Challenges to Slavery
Section 4
Secession and War
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: Slavery and the West
Describe how the debate over slavery was related
to the admission of new states.
Understand what the Compromise of 1850
accomplished.
Click the mouse button or press the

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Chapter Objectives
Section 2: A Nation Dividing
Explain how the Fugitive Slave Act and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act further divided the North
and South.
Describe how popular sovereignty led to violence.

Chapter Objectives
Section 3: Challenges to Slavery
Understand why the Republican Party was
formed.
Describe how the Dred Scott decision, the LincolnDouglas debates, and John Browns raid affected
Americans.

Chapter Objectives
Section 4: Secession and War
Explain how the 1860 election led to the breakup
of the Union.
Understand why secession led to the Civil War.

Why It Matters
Slavery was a major cause of the worsening
division between the North and South in the
period before the Civil War. The struggle
between the North and South turned more
hostile, and talk grew of separation and civil
war.
The Impact Today

If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong,
Abraham Lincoln wrote in a letter to A.G.
Hodges in 1864. By studying this era of our
history, we can better understand the state of
racial relations today and develop ways for
improving them.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
As new states entered the Union, the question of
whether to admit them as free states or slave states
arose.
Key Terms
sectionalism
fugitive
secede
abstain

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read the section, recreate the table on page 436 of your textbook and
describe how these compromises answered the question
of admitting new states.
Read to Learn
how the debate over slavery was related to the
admission of new states.
what the Compromise of 1850 accomplished.


Section Theme
Government and Democracy Controversy over
slavery grew during the early and mid-1800s.
Poster warning
African Americans

The Missouri Compromise

When Missouri applied for statehood in 1817,
it was a territory whose citizens owned about
10,000 enslaved African Americans.
At the time the Senate was balanced, with 11
free states and 11 slave states.
Missouris admission to the Union as
a slave state would have upset that balance of
power.
(pages 436437)
The Missouri Compromise (cont.)

The North and the South, with very different
economic systems, were also competing for
new lands in the West.
People in the North wanted to stop the spread
of slavery into new states and territories.
People in the South resented the Norths
attempts to interfere with slavery, which they
considered their own affair.
(pages 436437)

Representative Henry Clay, Speaker of the
House, proposed a solution to the Missouri
problem.
Maine, which had been a part of
Massachusetts, had also applied for admission
to the Union as a new state.
Clay suggested admitting Missouri as a slave
state and admitting Maine as a free state at the
same time.
(pages 436437)

Clay also made a second proposal to settle
several arguments about slavery
in the territories.
He proposed prohibiting slavery in all
territories and states carved from the Louisiana
Purchase north of the latitude line of 3630N.
The one exception would be Missouri.
(pages 436437)

Clays two proposals, which became known as
the Missouri Compromise, were passed by
Congress in 1820.
The Missouri Compromise preserved the
balance between free and slave states in the
Senate, and ended the debate in Congress over
slavery in new states and territoriesat least
for a while.
(pages 436437)
Why do you think the balance of power in the

Senate between free states and slave states was
so important?
Possible answer: The North and South had
different political and economic interests.
Each section felt that its interests would be
ignored if senators from the other section
were in control
of the Senate.
(pages 436437)
Space Bar to display the answer.
New Western Lands

The issue of slavery in new Western lands
stayed in the background between 1820 (the
year of the Missouri Compromise) and the
1840s.
The proposal to add a new set of states and
territories (Texas, New Mexico, and
California) brought the issue to a head again.
(pages 437438)
New Western Lands (cont.)

After winning independence from Mexico,
Texas asked for admission to the Union.
Because slavery existed in Texas, it would
have entered the Union as a slave state.
This again brought out the question of whether
free or slave states would control the Senate.
As a result Texass statehood became an issue
in the 1844 election.
(pages 437438)

Democratic candidate James K. Polk won the
election and pressed to add Texas.
Texas became a state in 1845.
At the same time, support in the South for
taking over New Mexico and California,
which were both part of Mexico, also grew.
Disputes between the United States and
Mexico over boundaries in Texas and the
desire of the United States for New Mexico
and California led to war with Mexico.
(pages 437438)

A bitter debate over slavery in new Western
lands began over proposals
by Representative David Wilmot of
Pennsylvania and Senator John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina.
Wilmots proposal, called the Wilmot Proviso,
said that slavery should be prohibited in any
lands that might be acquired from Mexico at
the end of the war.
(pages 437438)

Calhouns counterproposal stated that neither
Congress nor any other governmental
authority had the power to prohibit or
regulate slavery in any way in a territory.
Neither proposal passed Congress, but these
proposals intensified arguments
for and against slavery.
(pages 437438)

The debate over slavery and the refusal
of either the Democratic or Whig candidate for
president in 1848 to take a stand on slavery in
the territories led to the formation of the Free
Soil Party, which supported the Wilmot
Proviso.
Whig candidate Zachary Taylor won the
election by successfully appealing to both
slave and free states.
But the Free Soil Party won several seats in
Congress.
(pages 437438)

Once in office, President Taylor encouraged the
territories of New Mexico and California,
which had been obtained from Mexico at the
end of the war with Mexico, to apply for
statehood.
After California did so in 1849, the problem of
the balance of power in the Senate came up
again.
(pages 437438)

California would enter the Union as a free
state, which would upset the balance of 15 free
states and 15 slave states in the Senate.
It was likely that some of the other territories
that might soon become states would enter as
free states as well.
Southerners worried they would lose power
and talked of leaving the Union.
(pages 437438)
Why would the proposals by David Wilmot

and John C. Calhoun regarding slavery in the
Western lands have been received differently
in the North and South?
Wilmots proposal would have prohibited
slavery in many new Western territories,
which would not have been acceptable to the
South; Calhouns proposal would have
allowed slavery in all new Western lands,
which the North would have opposed.
(pages 437438)

A New Compromise
In January 1850 Senator Henry Clay
presented a new multi-part plan to settle a
number of issues dividing Congress,
including the possible spread of slavery into
Western lands.
(pages 438439)
A New Compromise (cont.)

According to Clays plan, the following things
would happen:
- California would be admitted as a free state.
- The New Mexico Territory would have no slavery
restrictions.
- A New Mexico-Texas border dispute would be
decided in favor of New Mexico.
- The slave tradethough not slaverywould be
abolished in Washington, D.C.
- There would be a stronger fugitive slave law.
(pages 438439)

A bitter debate in Congress over the provisions
of Clays proposal raged for seven months.
(pages 438439)

Clays plan could not pass as a package, and
President Taylor opposed it.
Then in July 1820, Taylor suddenly died.
The new president, Millard Fillmore, proposed a
compromise.
Senator Stephen Douglas split Clays proposal
into five different bills to allow members of
Congress to vote on them separately.
That way, members could vote for measures
they agreed with and vote against parts they did
not support without rejecting the whole plan.
(pages 438439)

Congress passed the series of five separate bills
in August and September 1850.
Together they became known as the
Compromise of 1850.
Many Americans, including President
Fillmore, thought this compromise would
settle the question of slavery once and for all.
But this was not the case.
(pages 438439)
How did the Compromise of 1850 satisfy both

free states and slave states?
California would be admitted to the Union as
a free state, and the slave trade would be
abolished in Washington, D.C., which
satisfied the North. The New Mexico
Territory would be open to slavery, and there
would be a stronger fugitive slave law, which
pleased the South.
(pages 438439)
Checking for Understanding

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__
A 1. loyalty to a region
A. sectionalism
__
C 2. to leave or withdraw
B. fugitive
__
B 3. runaway or trying to run away
C. secede
__
D 4. to not take part in some activity,
such as voting
D. abstain

Space Bar to display the answers.

Reviewing Facts List the provisions of the
Missouri Compromise.
The provisions were that Missouri was

admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free
state. Slavery was prohibited in the
Louisiana Purchase territory in areas north
of 3630N latitude, except Missouri.

Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy Why was the
Free Soil Party created?
It was created to take a stand opposing the

extension of slavery.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information What was the Wilmot
Proviso? Why was it controversial?
The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal to prohibit

slavery in any lands acquired from Mexico. It
was controversial because Southerners wanted to
introduce slavery in those lands.

Analyzing Visuals
Examining Artifacts Look at the campaign
banner on page 437 of your textbook.
Compare it to a modern political button or
advertisement you have seen. In what ways
are they similar? In what ways are they
different?
The similarities include the use of candidates
names or photos. The differences are the use of
logos or advertising techniques.

Government Create a poster for the Free-Soil

Party presidential candidate. Include slogans or
symbols to gain popular support.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Growing tensions led to differences that could not be
solved by compromise.
Key Terms
popular
sovereignty
border ruffians
civil war


Reading Strategy
As you read the section, re-create the table on page 441
of your textbook and describe how Southerners and
Northerners reacted to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Read to Learn
how the Fugitive Slave Act and the KansasNebraska Act further divided the North and South.
how popular sovereignty led to violence.


Section Theme
Continuity and Change As they grew further apart,
Northerners and Southerners sought compromise.
Anthony Burns

The Fugitive Slave Act

In 1850 Congress passed the Fugitive Slave
Act. It required all citizens to help capture and
return enslaved African Americans who had
run away.
People who helped runaways could be fined or
imprisoned.
(pages 441442)
The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.)

After passage of the Fugitive Slave Act,
Southerners stepped up efforts to catch
runaways.
They even made new attempts to capture
enslaved laborers who had run away and who
had lived as free people in the North for years.
In some cases, free African Americans who

had never been enslaved were captured and
forced into slavery.
(pages 441442)

Many Northerners who opposed slavery
refused to cooperate with the Fugitive Slave
Act and continued to aid runaway enslaved
African Americans.
They created the Underground Railroad
to help runaways.
The Underground Railroad was a network of
free African Americans and white abolitionists
who helped escaped enslaved African
Americans make their way to freedom.
(pages 441442)

Although the Fugitive Slave Act was the law of
the land, Northern juries often refused to
convict people accused of breaking this.
(pages 441442)
Why do you think many people refused

to obey the Fugitive Slave Act?
They did not support slavery, and they felt
that the law was morally wrong.
(pages 441442)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Hoping to encourage settlement of the West
and open the way for a transcontinental
railroad, Senator Stephen Douglas proposed
organizing the region west of Missouri and
Iowa as the territories of Kansas and
Nebraska.
Douglas thought his plan would allow the
nation to expand while satisfying both the
North and the South.
But the plan reopened the conflict between
North and South concerning the territories.
(pages 442443)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.)

Because both Kansas and Nebraska lay north
of 3630Nthe area that was established as
free of slavery in the Compromise of 1820it
was expected that Kansas and Nebraska
would become free states.
(pages 442443)

Southerners were disturbed by the possibility
of Kansas and Nebraska entering the Union as
free states, because they would tip the balance
of power in the Senate in favor of the free
states.
So Senator Douglas proposed abandoning the
Missouri Compromise and letting settlers in
each territory decide whether to allow slavery.
This was called popular sovereignty.
(pages 442443)

There was bitter debate over the issue
in Congress.
In 1854 Congress passed the KansasNebraska Act, which opened the door
to slavery in these territories.
The bill heightened animosity and mistrust
between the North and South and convinced
many Northerners that compromise with the
South was not possible.
(pages 442443)
Why could the North have considered the

Kansas-Nebraska Act a betrayal?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act opened the door to
slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska
territories. It overturned a previous
agreement, the Compromise
of 1820, which said that areas north of
3630N, which included Kansas and
Nebraska, would be free of slavery.
(pages 442443)
Conflict in Kansas
After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed,
proslavery and antislavery groups rushed
supporters into Kansas to influence voting over
whether Kansas would enter the Union as a
free state or slave state.
(pages 443444)
Conflict in Kansas (cont.)

In the spring of 1855, in an election thought by
antislavery supporters to be unfair, Kansas
voters elected a proslavery legislature.
Although there were only about 1,500 voters
in Kansas, more than 6,000 ballots were cast
in the election, largely because many
proslavery voters had crossed the border from
Missouri into Kansas just to vote in the
election.
(pages 443444)

Soon after the election, the new Kansas
legislature passed a series of laws supporting
slavery, such as the requirement that candidates
for political office be proslavery.
Antislavery forces, refusing to accept these
laws, armed themselves, held their own
elections, and adopted a constitution
prohibiting slavery.
(pages 443444)

By January 1856, rival governmentsone
proslavery and one antislaveryexisted in
Kansas.
Both of them applied for statehood on behalf
of Kansas and asked Congress for recognition.
(pages 443444)

The opposing forces, both armed, clashed in
Kansas.
Many people were killed.
Newspapers began to refer to the area as
Bleeding Kansas.
(pages 443444)

The fighting went on from May of 1856 until
October of 1856, when John Geary, the newly
appointed territorial governor, was finally able
to end the bloodshed.
Geary overpowered guerrilla forces and used
1,300 federal troops.
But the animosity between the two sides
continued.
(pages 443444)
Why did people who opposed slavery mistrust

the results of the 1855 election for the Kansas
legislature?
In an election that chose a proslavery
legislature, there were more votes cast than
there were voters in Kansas.
(pages 443444)

left.
__
B 1. Missourians who traveled in
armed groups to vote in Kansass
election during the mid-1850s
__
C 2. conflict between opposing groups
of citizens of the same country
__
A 3. political theory that government
is subject to the will of the
people; before the Civil War, the
idea that people living in a
territory had the right to decide
by voting if slavery would be
allowed there

A. popular
sovereignty
B. border ruffians
C. civil war

Reviewing Facts Describe how Northern
abolitionists reacted to the Fugitive Slave Act.
They refused to accept the terms, aided

runaways, and refused to convict those accused
of breaking the law.

Reviewing Themes
Continuity and Change How did popular
sovereignty lead to violence in Kansas?
Outsiders corrupted the election, and fighting

broke out over the results.

Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences Could the violence
in Kansas have been prevented if Congress had
not abandoned the Missouri Compromise?
Explain.
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the maps on page
443 of your textbook. From which territory or
territories were the Nebraska and Kansas
territories formed? Was the Utah territory
closed to slaveholding?
The Nebraska and Kansas territories were
formed from Unorganized Territory. The Utah
territory was not closed to slaveholding.

Descriptive Writing With members of your class,

choose a scene from Uncle Toms Cabin to portray in
a one-act play. Write a short script, assign roles, and
present it to the class.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Social, economic, and political differences divided
the North and South.
Key Terms
arsenal
martyr


Reading Strategy
Sequencing Information As you read the section, recreate the diagram on page 445 of your textbook and list
major events for each year.
Read to Learn
why the Republican Party was formed.
how the Dred Scott decision, the Lincoln-Douglas
debates, and John Browns raid affected Americans.


Section Theme
Continuity and Change The slavery issues continued to
drive the North and South further apart.
Kansas
Free-Soil poster

A New Political Party

In 1854 antislavery Whigs and antislavery
Democrats joined with Free Soilers to create
the Republican Party.
The Republican Partys main issue was the
abolition of slavery, or at least the prevention
of its spread into Western lands.
(pages 445446)
A New Political Party (cont.)

Republican candidates began to challenge
proslavery Whigs and Democrats in state and
congressional elections of 1854, with the
message that the government should ban
slavery in the territories.
The election showed that the Republican Party
had strength in the North, but almost no
support in the South.
The Democratic Partys strength was almost
totally in the South.

A New Political Party (cont.)

Democrat James Buchanan won the
presidential election of 1856, with the strong
support of Southerners.
The Democrats supported popular
sovereigntythe right of the voters in each new
territory or state to decide for themselves
whether to allow slavery.

The Dred Scott Decision

Two days after President Buchanan took office,
the Supreme Court announced the Dred Scott
decision.
Dred Scott was an enslaved African American
who had been taken by his owner from the
South to live for a time
in Illinois and Wisconsin, areas where slavery
was not allowed.
After his owner died, antislavery lawyers
helped Scott sue for his freedom, claiming that
he had for a time lived on free soil.
(pages 446448)
The Dred Scott Decision (cont.)

In the Dred Scott decision, Chief Justice Taney
said that Scott was a slave, not a citizen, and
therefore had no right to bring a lawsuit.
He added that Scotts residence on free soil did
not make him free, because he was property.
As property, he could not be taken away from
his owner without due process of law.
(pages 446448)

Furthermore, Taney maintained that because
the Congress had no power to prohibit slavery
in any territory, the Missouri Compromise,
which had limited slavery north of the 3630N
latitude line in many Western territories, was
unconstitutional.
Finally Taney added that popular sovereignty
was unconstitutional because not even voters
could prohibit slavery, as it would amount to
taking away someones property.
(pages 446448)

The Dred Scott decision outraged antislavery
advocates in the North, but pleased
Southerners, dividing the country more than
ever.
(pages 446448)

In 1858 the Senate race in Illinois attracted
national attention.
It pitted Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas
against a little-known Republican challenger
named Abraham Lincoln.
Douglas was against slavery personally, but
believed that popular sovereignty would
resolve the issue without interfering with
national unity.
(pages 446448)

Lincoln also personally opposed slavery, but
thought there was no easy way to eliminate it
where it already existed.
He thought the solution was to prevent its
spread into the territories.
(pages 446448)

Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of
debates leading up to the election.
The seven debates took place between August
and October 1858.
Slavery was the main topic.
(pages 446448)

During the debates Douglas put forth his idea
that people in a territory could exclude slavery
by refusing to pass laws protecting
slaveholders rights.
This became known as the Freeport Doctrine,
after the Illinois town where Douglas made the
statement.
This point of view gained Douglas support
among those that were against slavery but lost
Douglas support among the proslavery
population.
(pages 446448)

Douglas claimed that Lincoln wanted African
Americans to be equal to whites.
Lincoln denied this.
He said that he and the Republican Party
merely felt that slavery was wrong.
Douglas narrowly won the election, but during
the debates, Lincoln earned a national
reputation.
After the election of 1858, Southerners felt
increasingly threatened by the growing power
of the antislavery Republican Party.
(pages 446448)

A raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, further fed
Southern fears.
On October 16, 1859, abolitionist John Brown
led a small group of whites and free African
Americans in a raid on an arsenal at Harpers
Ferry.
The aim was to arm enslaved African
Americans and spark a slave uprising.
(pages 446448)

The plan failed and the United States Marines
under Colonel Robert E. Lee captured Brown
and some of his followers.
Brown was tried, found guilty of murder and
treason, and hanged.
Several of Browns followers met the same
fate.
(pages 446448)

John Browns death became a rallying point for
abolitionists in the North.
But when Southerners learned of Browns
connection to abolitionistshe had been
encouraged and financed by a group of
abolitioniststheir fears of a great Northern
conspiracy were confirmed.
Distrust and animosity between the North and
South were about to reach the breaking point.
(pages 446448)
How did the Dred Scott decision and John Browns

raid at Harpers Ferry increase mistrust between the
North and South?
Northern antislavery forces protested the Dred Scott
decision, while Southern slaveholders were pleased
with the decision. John Browns attempt to arm
enslaved African Americans and start a revolt in the
South had been encouraged and financed by Northern
abolitionists, convincing Southerners that the North
was conspiring to end slavery in any way it could.
(pages 446448)

left.
__
B 1. a person who sacrifices his or
her life for a principle or cause
__
A 2. a storage place for weapons
and ammunition

A. arsenal
B. martyr

Reviewing Facts Discuss the stages in the
development of the Republican Party.
Northern Democrats left the party and the

Whig Party dissolved. Antislavery Whigs and
Democrats joined Free-Soilers to form the
Republican Party.

Reviewing Themes
Continuity and Change How did the Dred
Scott decision reverse a previous decision made
by Congress?
It ruled the Missouri Compromise

unconstitutional by stating that Congress could
not prohibit slavery in any territory. The
Republicans were outraged.

Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Why did Lincoln emerge
as a leader after the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
Though Lincoln lost the election, he gained a

national reputation.

Analyzing Visuals
Examining Artifacts Examine the poster on
page 445 of your textbook. What is the poster
advertising? Explain why some of the phrases
are in larger type.
The poster is advertising the free state of
Kansas. Slavery is in larger print because it was
an important issue and mass meeting is enlarged
because it emphasizes group support.

Government Draw a political cartoon that illustrates

Lincolns statement A house divided against itself
cannot stand.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
In 1860 Abraham Lincolns election as president of
the United States was followed by Southern states
leaving the Union.
Key Terms
secession
states rights


Reading Strategy
Sequencing Information As you read the section, recreate the time line on page 449 of your textbook and
list the major events at each time.
Read to Learn
how the 1860 election led to the breakup of
the Union.
why secession led to the Civil War.


Section Theme
Geography and History The election of 1860 clearly
divided the nation along sectional lines.
Secessionist ribbon

The Election of 1860

In the months leading up to the election of
1860, the issue of slavery split the Democratic
Party along sectional lines.
A Northern wing of the Democratic Party
nominated Stephen Douglas, supporter of
popular sovereignty.
Southern Democrats nominated John C.
Breckinridge of Kentucky, who supported the
Dred Scott decision.
Moderates from the North and South formed
the Union Party and nominated John Bell, who
took no position on slavery.
(pages 449450)
The Election of 1860 (cont.)

The Republican Party nominated Abraham
Lincoln.
The Republican Party said that slavery should
be left alone where it existed, but should not
be allowed to spread into the territories.
(pages 449450)

With the Democratic Party split, Lincoln
narrowly won the election.
But he won primarily with Northern votes.
His name did not even appear on most ballots in
the South.
In effect, the more populous North had outvoted
the South.
The South feared a Republican victory would
encourage slave revolts or other dreaded
consequences.
The Union was about to split apart.
(pages 449450)
Why could you call the Republican Party in

1860 a strictly sectional party?
The Republican Partys strength was basically
in the North, where Lincoln,
the Republican candidate for president,
received most of his votes in the 1860
election. In fact, Lincolns name did not even
appear on most ballots in the South.
(pages 449450)
The South Secedes

Although Lincoln had promised to leave
slavery alone where it existed, Southerners did
not trust the Republican Party to protect their
rights.
On November 20, 1860, South Carolina held a
special convention and voted to secede from
the Union.
Even after South Carolinas secession, leaders
in Washington worked to find a compromise
that would preserve the Union.
(pages 451452)
The South Secedes (cont.)

Senator John Crittendon of Kentucky proposed
a plan to protect slavery in all present and
future territories south of the 3630N line set
by the Missouri Compromise.
This was unacceptable to both Republicans
and Southern leaders.
(pages 451452)

By February 1861 Texas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had
joined South Carolina in secession.
Delegates from those states met at
Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4 to form
a new nation and government, called the
Confederate States of America.
They chose Jefferson Davis, a Mississippi
senator, as their president.
(pages 451452)

The Southern states felt justified in leaving the
Union because, they argued, they had
voluntarily entered the Union.
They saw the United States Constitution as a
voluntary contract among independent states.
According to the states that seceded, the refusal
of the United States government to enforce the
Fugitive Slave Act and its attempt to deny
Southern states equal rights in the territories had
violated that contract. The Southern states were
therefore justified in leaving the Union.
(pages 451452)

Lincolns term as president did not begin until
March 1861.
So while the Southern states were seceding,
James Buchanan was still president.
Buchanan sent a message to Congress stating
that the Southern states had no right to secede.
He added that the United States government

did not have the power
to stop them.
(pages 451452)

Lincoln disagreed with Buchanan.
He said secession was unlawful.
But in his inaugural speech in March 1861,
Lincoln took on a calming tone.
He said secession would not be permitted, but
pleaded with the South
for reconciliation.
(pages 451452)
How did the Southern states that seceded justify

leaving the Union?
They stated that they had joined the Union
voluntarily, so they had the right to leave. They
also stated that the Constitution was a voluntary
contract among independent states, which the
government had broken by refusing to enforce
the Fugitive Slave Act and by refusing to give
slave states equal access to the Western
territories.
(pages 451452)

Fort Sumter
Confederate forces had taken over some federal
property after secession, including several
forts.
Lincoln had vowed to protect federal property
in Southern states and felt that allowing the
Confederate forces to keep the forts would
amount to acknowledging the right of the
Southern states to secede.
(page 453)
Fort Sumter (cont.)

On the day after his inauguration, Lincoln
received a message from the commander of
Fort Sumter, which was located on an island at
the entrance of the harbor in Charleston, South
Carolina.
The fort was low on supplies, and the
Confederates were demanding its surrender.
(page 453)
Fort Sumter (cont.)

Lincoln informed the governor of South
Carolina that the Union would send supplies to
the fort, but would not include additional
troops, arms, or ammunition unless the fort was
fired upon.
Lincoln was telling the Confederates that the
Union had no intention of starting a shooting
war.
(page 453)
Fort Sumter (cont.)

The Confederates responded by attacking Fort
Sumter before the Union supplies could arrive.
Confederate guns opened fire on the fort on

April 12, 1861.
The fort surrendered on April 14, with no
loss of life on either side.
News of the attack got the North fired up.
Lincolns call for volunteers to fight the
Confederacy was quickly answered.
(page 453)
Fort Sumter (cont.)

In the meantime, Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Arkansas also voted to join the
Confederacy.
The Civil War had begun.
(page 453)
Fort Sumter (cont.)
Why do you think the Confederacy decided to

fire on Fort Sumter rather than accept
Lincolns request to peacefully resupply the
soldiers there?
Possible answer: The Confederacy wanted to
drive home the point that it did not want
reconciliation with the Union and intended to
fight to maintain itself as a separate nation.
(page 453)

left.
__
A 1. rights and powers independent
of the federal government that
are reserved for the states by
the Constitution; the belief that
states rights supersede federal
rights and law
__
B 2. withdrawal from the Union

A. states rights
B. secession

Reviewing Facts Who served as the president of
the Confederate States of America?
Jefferson Davis served as president of the

Confederate States of America.

Reviewing Themes
Geography and History What role did
sectionalism play in Lincolns winning the 1860
election?
He won in every Northern state; votes in the

South were divided among three other
candidates.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Do you think either
Northerners or Southerners believed that
secession would not lead to war? Explain.
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Examine the map on page
452 of your textbook. How many states made
up the Confederacy? Which state seceded
earlierMississippi or Arkansas?
The Confederacy was made up of eleven states.
Mississippi seceded before Arkansas.

Citizenship Make up a campaign slogan or song for

Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas, John C.
Breckinridge, or John Bell in the 1860 presidential
election.

left.
__
J 1. rights and powers independent
of the federal government that
are reserved for the states by
the Constitution; the belief that
states rights supersede federal
rights and law
__
D 2. a storage place for weapons and
ammunition
A 3. loyalty to a region
__
B 4. to leave or withdraw
__
A. sectionalism
B. secede
C. border ruffians
D. arsenal
E. secession
F. fugitive
G. popular
sovereignty
H. civil war
I.
martyr
J. states rights

left.
__
I 5. a person who sacrifices his or
her life for a principle or cause
__
G 6. political theory that
government is subject to the
will of the people; before the
Civil War, the idea that people
living in a territory had the
right to decide by voting if
slavery would be allowed there
H 7. conflict between opposing
__
groups of citizens of the same
country
A. sectionalism
B. secede
C. border ruffians
D. arsenal
E. secession
F. fugitive
G. popular
sovereignty
H. civil war
I.
martyr
J. states rights

left.
__
C 8. Missourians who traveled in
armed groups to vote in
Kansass election during the
mid-1850s
A. sectionalism
E 9. withdrawal from the Union

__
F
__10.
runaway or trying to run away
D. arsenal
B. secede
C. border ruffians
E. secession
F. fugitive
G. popular
sovereignty
H. civil war
I.
martyr
J. states rights
Reviewing Key Facts

What was the purpose of the Missouri
Compromise?
The purpose of the Missouri Compromise was

to ease tension between the North and South by
preserving the balance between slave and free
states in Congress.

Reviewing Key Facts

What was Stephen Douglass solution to the
slavery issue in the Kansas and Nebraska
territories?
His solution was to abandon the Missouri

Compromise and let settlers in each territory
decide by popular sovereignty.

Reviewing Key Facts

How did Abraham Lincoln become a national
figure in politics?
Lincoln became a national figure following a

series of debates with Stephen Douglas.

Reviewing Key Facts

What was the Dred Scott decision? What did it
mean for those opposed to slavery?
It was a Supreme Court decision that considered

enslaved African Americans not to be free just
because they lived on free soil, declared
enslaved African Americans were property, and
stated that neither Congress nor voters could
prohibit slavery in any territory. To those who
opposed slavery, this decision meant that the
Constitution now protected slavery.
Reviewing Key Facts

How did Lincoln plan to prevent secession?
He vowed to hold federal property in the South

and enforce the laws of the United States.

Critical Thinking
Finding the Main Idea Why was the balance of
free and slave states in the Senate such an
important issue?
If the balance was upset, one section of the

country would have more decision-making
power than the other.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why did Northerners
protest Douglass plan
to repeal the Missouri Compromise?
Northerners protested because it would

allow slavery into areas that
had been free for more than 30 years.

Geography and History Activity

The election of 1860 divided the nation along sectional lines.
Study the map below and answer the questions on the following
slides.

Location Which
states supported
Douglas?
Missouri supported
Douglas. He also
received three of
New Jerseys seven
electoral votes.


Region In what
region(s) was the
Republican Party
strongest?
The Republican Party
was strongest in the
Northeast, upper
Midwest,
and the West Coast.


Region In what
region did
Breckinridge find
support?
Breckinridge found
support in the South.

Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Use the map of the Compromise of 1850 below to choose
the best answer to the question on the following slide.
Standardized Test Practice

Which of the following statements is true?
A
B
C
D
The Compromise of 1850 allowed the Oregon Territory to be

open to slaveholding.
The Compromise of 1850 did not make any land on the Pacific
Ocean open to slaveholding.
The Compromise of 1850 made every state touching the
southern border of the United States open to slaveholding.
The Compromise of 1850 gave the Minnesota Territory the
authority to choose whether it would allow slaveholding.
Test-Taking Tip Remember to use the information on the map to

support your answer. Dont rely only on your memory. Check each
answer choice against the map. Only one choice is correct.
What was Frederick Douglasss last name before

he changed it to Douglass when he escaped to the
North?
Frederick Douglasss last name was Bailey.

Explore online information about the topics introduced

in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your
browser and go to The American Republic to
1877 Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events
information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience
difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually
launch your Web browser and go to
http://tarvol1.glencoe.com
Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis was a leading

spokesperson for states rights. While in the Senate, he
defended slavery, including its constitutional protection in
the territories. He also advocated reinstituting the slave
trade. Though he favored secession, he did not
immediately welcome being chosen as president of the
Confederacy.
Recognizing Bias
Why Learn This Skill?
Cats make better pets than dogs. If you say this, then
you are stating a bias. A bias is a prejudice. It can
prevent you from looking at a situation in a reasonable
or truthful way.
This feature can be found on page 440 of your textbook.

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Recognizing Bias
Learning the Skill
Most people have feelings and ideas that affect their point of view.
This viewpoint, or bias, influences the way they interpret events.
For this reason, an idea that is stated as a fact may really be only an
opinion. Recognizing bias will help you judge the accuracy of what
you read. There are several things you should look for that will
help you recognize bias. Identify the author of the statement and
examine his or her views and possible reasons for writing the
material. Look for language that reflects an emotion or opinion
words such as all, never, best, worst, might, or should. Examine the
writing for imbalancesleaning only to one viewpoint and failing to
provide equal coverage of other possible viewpoints.
Recognizing Bias
Practicing the Skill
Read the excerpts that follow. The first excerpt is from an 1858
newspaper editorial. The second is from a speech by Senator John
C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Then answer the four questions that
follow.
Popular sovereignty for the territories will never work. Under this
system, each territory would decide whether or not to legalize
slavery. This method was tried in the territory of Kansas and all it
produced waSs bloodshed and violence.
The Republican Leader, 1858
This feature can be found on page 440 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Recognizing Bias
. . . [T]he two great divisions of society are not rich and poor, but
white and black; and all the former, the poor as well as the rich,
belong to the upper classes, and are respected and treated as such.
Senator Calhoun
Recognizing Bias
1. Is Senator Calhoun expressing a proslavery or antislavery bias?
Senator Calhoun is expressing a proslavery bias.
2. What statements indicate the racism in Calhouns bias?
Saying that rich and poor whites are of the upper classes and
that the divisions of society are black and white indicate
racism.
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Recognizing Bias
3. What political partys view does the editorial represent?
It represents the Republican Partys view.
4. What biases or beliefs are expressed in the editorial?

Popular sovereignty does not work.
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Secrets of the Underground

Railroad
Objectives
After viewing Secrets of the Underground Railroad, you should:
Understand what the Underground Railroad was, and how

escaping slaves used
it as a road to freedom.
Appreciate the difficulties that
slaves faced as they sought to
escape enslavement.
Know the purpose of the
American Colonization Society.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window
above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

Railroad
Discussion Question
What was the role of the American Colonization
Society?
It paid for the passage of Africans to go to Africa and
bought them land there.


Railroad
Discussion Question
What was the symbol on the house that
designated safety for escaped slaves?
The symbol, a red marker, let slaves know that they
had reached a safe haven.



Northerners considered him a martyr; Southerners were outraged.


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TAR1 Chapter 15d

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The American Republic To 1877

Slavery and the West

Secession and War

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The Impact Today

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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The Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise (cont.)

The Missouri Compromise (cont.)

The Missouri Compromise (cont.)

The one exception would be Missouri.

The Missouri Compromise (cont.)

The Missouri Compromise (cont.)

Why do you think the balance of power in the

New Western Lands

New Western Lands (cont.)

New Western Lands (cont.)

New Western Lands (cont.)

New Western Lands (cont.)

New Western Lands (cont.)

New Western Lands (cont.)

New Western Lands (cont.)

New Western Lands (cont.)

Why would the proposals by David Wilmot

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A New Compromise (cont.)

A New Compromise (cont.)

A New Compromise (cont.)

A New Compromise (cont.)

A New Compromise (cont.)

How did the Compromise of 1850 satisfy both

Checking for Understanding

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Checking for Understanding

The provisions were that Missouri was

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It was created to take a stand opposing the

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The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal to prohibit

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Government Create a poster for the Free-Soil

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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The Fugitive Slave Act

The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.)

In some cases, free African Americans who

The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.)

The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.)