DOE (Design of

Experiment)
Made By:
ISHA JAIN
NIDHI GAHLOT
Division of MPAE

Some Typical Applications of

Experimental Design
Characterising: also known as
screening. To determine which
factors affect the output.
Optimising: to determine the region
in the important factors that leads to
the best possible response.

Strategy of Experimentation
One factor at a time approach: keep
all other factors constant and change
any one (say A). This gives main
effect A ONLY.
Factorial: gives main effects as well
as interaction.

Basic Principles of
Experimentation
Basic principles
What do they mean? Why do we do them?
replication

Repetition of basic
experiment. NOT same
as repeated
measurements

Improves validity of
DOE
Reflects variability b/w
runs

randomisation

Allocation of
experimental material
and order of runs in
random

Assists in averaging
out the effects of
extraneous factors

blocking

A design technique to
improve precision with
which comparisons
among factors on
interest are made

Reduces effect of
nuisance factors

What is Factorial Design?

factors
levels
x y = (no. of levels) (no. of factors)
Main effect
Interaction

let us consider simplest factorial

design possible.
22 full factorial

Regression Model
Refers to the equation establishing
quantitative relationship b/w factors
of interest (A & B) and response (y)

Types of Plots Obtained from

DOE
Interaction Plots
Normal Probability Plots/ Half Normal
Plots

Interaction Plots
One factor interaction plot
Two factor interaction plot
Let us study two factor interaction
plot

Two factor interaction plot

Plots that help us realise interaction
AB.
A significant interaction will often
mask the significance of main
effects.

Normal Probability Plots

The effects that are
negligible are
normally distributed,
with mean zero &
variance ^2 & will
tend to fall along a
straight line on this
plot, whereas
significant effects will
have non zero means
and hence will not lie
along a straight line.

Normal Probability Plots Vs Half Normal Plots

Take only
+ve half of
bell shaped
curves!

Analysis of Variance Table

(ANOVA)
Source
Sum of
of
squares
variation

Degrees
of
freedom

Mean
square

F - Value

P - Value

SSA

(a-1)

MSA

FA

PA

SSB

(b-1)

MSB

FB

PB

AB

SSAB

(a-1)(b-1)

MSAB

FC

PC

Error

SSE

ab(n-1)

MSE

Total

SST

abn-1

A P value less than 0.005 implies variation is

significant
A P value more than 0.005 implies variation is
NOT significant

When no. of factors

increase

23 = 8

Fractional Factorial Designs

When do we use fractional factorial?
Too many no. of runs
Characterising/ screening
Properties of fractional factorial?
Sparsity of effects
Projective property*
Sequential experimentation*
*later

The One Half Fraction on 2

Design

Consider 23= 8
half of 8= 4
for fractional factorial, we will perform 4
runs
ONLY.

2(3-1) Design way of representing one half

fractional factorial on 23
Which 4 runs to choose and which 4 runs to reject?

Which 4 runs to choose and which 4 runs to reject?

combinati
on

AB

AC

BC

ABC

abc

ab

ac

bc

Hence. 2 relations are possible.

I= ABC or I= -ABC
Hence. 2 one half fractional factorials can
be obtained from one one full factorial.

 I = ABC
Known as principle
fraction

lA A + BC
lB B + AC
lc C + AB

I= -ABC
Known as alternate
fraction

lA A - BC
lB B - AC
lc C - AB

Add to obtain A, B and C.

Subtract to obtain AB, BC and AC.

Sequential experimentation

Projection Property
A one half fractional
factorial design for 23
factorial can be perceived
as 22 full factorial design.