PUMP

Pump is a mechanical device that converts

mechanical power into hydraulic energy
Used For:
Pumps enable a liquid to:
. Flow from a region or low pressure to one of high pressure
. Flow from a low level to a higher level
. Flow at a faster rate

Applications:
Drainage System
Agriculture and irrigation system
Tube wells
Oil pumps

Types of Pump
There are two main categories of pump
Dynamic Pressure Pumps.
Positive Displacement Pumps.
Difference between dynamic pressure and positive
displacement pump:
Dynamic pump imparts velocity energy to the fluid, which
is converted to pressure energy upon exiting the pump
casing

A positive displacement pump moves a fixed volume of fluid

within the pump casing by applying a force to moveable
boundaries containing the fluid volume.

Classification of Pumps
PUMP
Dynamic
Pressure
Pump

Positive
Displacement

Centrifug
al
Reciprocatin
g

Rotary
Axial flow
Mixed
flow

Gear

Turbine

Piston

Lobe

Diaphrag
m

Sliding
Vane

Plunger

Screw

Parameters for the selection of

pump
Some of the parameters that decide the selection of
pump are:
Pressure and capacity of liquid being handled
Speed of rotation and power requirement
Properties such as viscosity, corrosiveness etc of
fluid
Availability of space for positioning of pump
Initial and maintenance cost

Parameters for the selection of

pump
Parameter
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Rotary
Pumps

Pumps

Pumps

Optimum Flow and

Pressure
Applications

Medium/High
Capacity,
Low/Medium
Pressure

Low Capacity,
High Pressure

Low/Medium
Capacity,
Low/Medium
Pressure

Maximum Flow
Rate

100,000+ GPM

10,000+ GPM

10,000+ GPM

6,000+ PSI

100,000+ PSI

4,000+ PSI

Space
Considerations

Requires Less
Space

Requires More Space

Requires Less
Space

Costs

Lower Initial
Lower
Maintenance
Higher Power

Higher Initial
Higher Maintenance
Lower Power

Lower Initial
Lower
Maintenance
Lower Power

Maximum Pressure

Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pump can be defined as a mechanical device used
to transfer liquid
Converts the energy provided by a prime mover, such as
an electric motor, steam turbine, or gasoline engine, to
energy within the liquid being pumped

Working of Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal pumps have a rotating
impeller, also known as a blade, that
is immersed in the liquid.
Liquid enters the pump near the axis
of the impeller, and the rotating
impeller sweeps the liquid out toward
the ends of the impeller blades at high
pressure.

Components of Pump
1.
2.
3.
4.

Impeller
Casing
Drive mechanism (electric)
Pump shaft

Components of Pump
1. Impelleris a rotating component of a centrifugal pump
which transfers energy from the motor that drives the
pump to the fluid being pumped.
. Thicker the impeller- More fluid
. Larger the diameter - More pressure
. Increase the speed - More water and pressure

Eye of the
Impeller
Water
Entrance

Thickness
of the impeller
Diameter of
the Impeller

Components of Pump

Impeller is classified into three types depending upon

impeller vanes
Radial vanes: Vanes are straight
Backward vanes: Vanes are opposite to the direction of
motion of impeller
Forward vanes: Vanes are in the direction of motion of
impeller

Radial vanes

Backward vanes

Forward vanes

Components of Centrifugal Pump

2. Casing is a stationary part of the pump that receives the fluid being pump
by the impeller
Casing generally are two types:
Volute casings:

It is used for a higher head. A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the
discharge port.
Circular casings:
It is used for low head and high capacity. Have stationary diffusion vanes

surrounding the impeller periphery that convert velocity energy to pressure

energy.
Volute

Impeller

Suction

 Drive Mechanism:it provides energy

to the impeller.it can be electric
motor ,steam engine or gasoline
engine
Pump Shaft.t transmits power from
prime mover to the pump impeller
I

Terms used
Head

is defined as height Of water

colum.orHead is the height at which
a pump can raise water up,

"Head"

Head is a term for expressing feet of water column

Head can also be converted to pressure

Reservoir
of Fluid

100
feet

43.3 PSI

Pressure
Gauge

Different Types of Pump Head

Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side, with
pump off.
Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of
pump with the pump off
Dynamic Suction Head- Head on suction side of
pump with pump on
Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side
of pump with pump on
Pressure head: measure of fluids mech. PE
Velocity head: measure of fluids mech. KE
Friction head: measure of energy lost that heats
fluid

Net Positive Suction Head

Defines the pressure required at the
suction of a pump to prevent
cavitation
Monometric head is defined as the
change in total energy head
produced by the pump when fluid
moves through it.

Pumps Bernoullis
Theorem

Pressure head: measure of fluids mech. PE

Velocity head: measure of fluids mech. KE
Friction head: measure of energy lost that
heats fluid
Z1 + P1/ + V12/2g = Z2 + P2/ + V22/2g + [(U2 U1) W Q]
q + wshaft = (h2 h1) + (v22 v12)/2 + g(z2 z1)
Z/z: fluid height; P: fluid pressure; : fluid density
V/v: fluid velocity U: internal energy
W/w: work
Q/q: heat transferred h: enthalpy
g: grav. acceleration

BOTTOM LINE: Total energy within the control volume

is constant under SS conditions.

Pump Characteristic Curves

Pump Parameters:
N = pump speed, RPM
V = volumetric flow rate, GPM
Hp = pump head (discharge pressure),
psig
P = power required, Hp

Centrifugal Pump Laws

VN
Hp N2
W N3

Positive Displacement
Pumps
N1
Hp

N2

N2 = ____

GPM

Centrifugal Pumps
Parallel Pumps

V2 = ____
Hp2 = ____

Hp
2 Pumps
1 Pump

GPM

Two Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow

Twice the pressure

Same amount of water

Multiple Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow

Direction of Flow

Placing impellers in series increases the amount of head

produced
The head produced = # of impellers x head of one impeller

Centrifugal Pumps

Parallel Pumps

V2 = ____
Hp2 = ____

Hp
2 Pumps
1 Pump

GPM

Centrifugal Pumps

Series pumps (called staging)

V2 = ____

Hp

2 Pumps

Hp2 = ____

1 Pump

GPM

Net Positive Suction

Head

Defn: that pressure required

at the suction of a pump to
prevent cavitation
So what is cavitation?
- the formation of bubbles
due to low pressure area and
the subsequent
collapse
upon migration to a high
pressure area
Cavitation causes noise and

Net Positive Suction

Head

Need enough pressure on the

suction side so that the pump
does not reduce pressure @
the eye to cause P < Psat
If P < Psat, water flashes to
vapor causing damage to the
pump
What are possible means of
providing NPSH to prevent
cavitation?

H-Q Carve
Once again, imagine starting a pump and raising the fluid in a
vertical tube to the point of maximum elevation. On the curve this
would be maximum head at zero flow. Now, rotate the running pump
on its centerline 90, until the vertical tube is now in a horizontal
position.

Heads of Pump:
where :
Vs = Velocity of fluid in the suction pipe.
Vd = Velocity of fluid in the delivery pipe.
hs = Suction head.
hd = Delivery head.
hfs = head losses in the suction pipe.
hfd = head losses in the delivery pipe.

Static head (Hst)

Hst = hs + hd

10

Manometric head (Hm) :

Hm

pd p s
( zd z s )

but

p
d h h
d
fd

ps
( hs h fs )

and

(where

h fd f

L 2
(Vd 2 g )
D

where hf = hfs + hfd

H m h H L

Vw 2U 2
HL
g

(where HL = impeller losses)

Total head (H)

pd ps
Vd2 Vs2
H
( zd z s )

2g

When Vs = Vd
Hence Hm = H

11

Losses and Efficiencies

1.

Hydraulic Efficiency
Hydraulic
losses are the losses the occur between the suction and
Pump' s Total Head ( H )
the delivery ends of
h a pump.
Euler Head ( H e )

Hydraulic efficiency varies from 0.6 to 0.9.

Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the actual discharge to the total
Q
discharge.

v

Q Q

Q = Amount of discharge
Q = Amount of leakage.
Its value lies between 0.97 and 0.98
Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the actual power input to
the impeller and the power given to the shaft.
m
P = Total power input to the shaft
P = Mechanical losses
Its value lies between 95% - 98%.

5.

Overall Efficiency
It is the ratio of the total head developed by a pump to the total
power input
to the
shaft.
Power
in to the
impeller
m

Power at the shaft

Range of overall efficiency is between 0.71 to 0.86.

o m v h

Sizing of Pump
To size a pump, you must define:
The flow rate of liquid the pump is required to
deliver
The total differential head the pump must generate
to deliver the required flow rate

Flow Rate

Determined by the process in which the pump is installed.

Defined by the mass and energy balance of the process.
Total Differential Head
The total differential head is made up of 2 components.
Total differential head = static head difference +
frictional head losses

 Static Head Difference

Difference in head between the discharge static
head and the suction static head.
Static head difference = discharge static
head suction static head

Suction Static Head

The suction static head is sum of the gas pressure at the
surface of the liquid in the suction vessel () and the
difference in elevation between the surface of the liquid in
the suction vessel and the centre line of the pump.
Suction static head = Suction vessel gas pressure
head + elevation of suction vessel liquid surface
elevation of pump centre line

 Discharge Static Head

Discharge static head = Discharge vessel gas
pressure head + elevation of discharge pipe
outlet elevation of pump centre line
The discharge pipe outlet may be above the surface of
the liquid in the discharge vessel or it may be
submerged as shown in these2diagrams.

Frictional Head Losses

The frictional head losses are usually calculated from the DarcyWeisbach equation using friction factors and fittings factors to
calculate the pressure loss in pipes and fittings.

Frictional head losses = frictional losses in suction piping

system + frictional losses in discharge piping system

Net Positive Suction Head Available

Net positive suction head available = absolute pressure
head at the pump suction liquid vapour pressure head

net positive suction head available (NPSHa) must exceed

the net positive suction head required (NPSHr) for that
particular pump.
NPSHr is given by the pump manufacturer .

Pump Power

Pumps are usually driven by electric motors, diesel engines or steam

turbines. Determining the power required is essential to sizing the
pump driver.
Pump power = flow rate x total differential head x liquid
density x acceleration due to gravity pump efficiency

 How To Size A Pump Example

Lets look at an example to demonstrate how to size a pump.

30000 kg/hr of water needs to be pumped from one vessel to
another through the system shown in the diagram below. The
water is at 20C, has a density of 998 kg/m3, a vapour pressure of
0.023 bara and a viscosity of 1cP. Well assume that the pump
efficiency is 70%.

Calculation:

Cavitation
When the pressure falls below the vapour
pressure of the liquid at a given temperature small
bubbles of vapor are formed
implode when they are transported to an area of
high pressure

Mechanism of Cavitation

 Damage to pump parts

Priming
The process of filling the impeller of
centrifugal pump with water is called
priming
required when there is a first start up
pump casing becomes filled with
vapors or gases, the pump impeller
becomes gas-bound and incapable of
pumping

REFERENCES
pump wisdom by heinz p. bloch
Improving Pumping System
Performance, A Sourcebook for
Industry-Second Edition
Centrifugal pump design and
applications-Second Edition

53/54
53/54

 The Affinity Lawsof centrifugal pumps or fans indicates the

influence on flow rate, head and power consumption of a pump due to
change inimpeller speed
change inimpeller diameter
FLOW CHANGES DIRECTLY AS A CHANGE IN SPEED OR DIAMETER
VN
HEAD CHANGES AS THE SQUARE OF A CHANGE IN SPEED OR
DIAMETER
H p N2
HORSEPOWER CHANGES AS THE CUBE OF A CHANGE IN SPEED
OR DIAMETER
W N3

Performance Characterstic
Curve
Predict the performance of pump
when the pump is working under
different flow rate

Pump in series and parallel

Pump in series: if the discharge of one pump is connected

to the suction side of a second pump.
Used for :
High head

Paralll Pump: two or more pumps are connected to a common discharge

line, and share the same suction conditions
Same head but high flow rate