Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
xDSL
Alejandro Pez
alejandro.paez@alcatel-lucent.com
Table of content
Introduction
The DSL family
Standards
Restrictions
Modulation
Error detection and correction
ADSL flavors
2 | xDSL
TOC
Introduction
PSTN network
modem
NB Access server
+ modem pool
Modem to modem communication in POTS band through the PSTN network!
Frequencies within the voice band are transmitted through the switched
connection of a PSTN network
This voice band is used for voice or modem communication (e.g. fax, V.32,
V.90, ...)
4 | xDSL
Voice band
used by
POTS modems
(V.32, V.90, )
300Hz
3400Hz
Frequency
(f )
DSL technologies
use other frequencies
outside the voice band
to modulate
information on your local telephone line (UTP)
Hz
5 | xDSL
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
Bitrate of analogue
modem limited to 56 kb/s
ADSL - modem
Redirection of data
traffic to specific
network (B-ISDN)
6 | xDSL
ADSL
7300
ASAM
upstream : up to 800
kbps
Residential
POTS,ISDN
downstream : up to 8,1
Mpbs
ANT
max 5,4 km
ADSL : Asymmetrical
Digital Subscriber Line
7 | xDSL
ADSL spectrum
Upstream
Downstream
POTS
POTS
8Mbps
Copper
wire
800kbps
300Hz
30kHz
3400Hz
1,1 MHz
8 | xDSL
ADSL
S
F
P
I
L
L & I
T
T
E
T
R
E
R
UTP to LEX
The lower frequencies used by ADSL can disturb the audible spectrum and need
to be filtered out towards the telephone set
With on-hook / off-hook situations, the line impedance changes and this will
impact the ADSL modem communication (re-sync)
9 | xDSL
Standard ADSL
Data
ADSL CPE
ADSL
PS
POTS
VoDSL CPE
PS
Data
POTS Lifeline
Telephone Line
10 | xDSL
ADSL
Telephone Line
ADSL overview
Service
providers
Access providers
End users
PSTN
POTS
ISP
POTS
Corporates
ATM
NT
AS (BRAS)
LT
voice
PS
LT
PS
data
ADSL
modem pool
ADSL modem-modem communication
ATM PVC connection
End-to-end data connection
11 | xDSL
TOC
xDSL
ADSL
first approach to deliver high bandwidth over existing UTP
killer technology for residential internet access
SHDSL
symmetrical high bandwidth service mostly for business users
VDSL
very high speed bandwidth for BB entertainment (video)
can work both in symmetrical & asymmetrical mode
FTTU
fiber to the user = optical fiber all the way to the customer.
conquering the last mile
13 | xDSL
SHDSL
Single-pair High speed DSL
192 kbps 2.312 Mbps bidirectional (Single pair UTP)
384 kbps 4.624 Mbps bidirectional (Double pair UTP)
IMA support via SMLT board : combine 8 SHDSL lines links into one virtual link
(8 x 2,312 Mbps)
Limited in distance
max 2,5 km loops
No POTS/ISDN service
SHDSL uses the entire frequency range
no splitters required
TC/PAM modulation technique
14 | xDSL
VDSL
Bitrates up to 55Mbps downstream on short loops (300m)
maximum loop reach : 1500m
3000 carriers for DMT
Mostly needs a non-CO deployment
via remote units (FTTN : fiber to the neighborhood)
Uses frequencies up to 12MHz
zipper mechanism with FDD (frequency division duplexing)
standardized bandplans (next slide)
Upstream Power Back Off
to avoid FEXT
Disable carriers
to avoid interference with HAM bands
15 | xDSL
ADSL
0.138
1.1 MHz
up
0.138
down
3.0
5.1
up
7.05
12.0 MHz
Plan A (formerly plan 998) ETSI + ANSI + ITU - optimized for asymmetry
down
up
0.138
3.75
down
up
5.2
8.5
12.0 MHz
up
2.5
down
up
Fx
3.75
12.0 MHz
16 | xDSL
up
3.75
optional down
8.5
12.0 MHz
FTTU
Fiber To The User
using PON (Passive Optical Network, passive star topology)
Extremely high bandwidth
using Wavelength Division Multiplexing
622 Mbps down, 155 Mbps up
Smaller-diameter, lighter-weight cables
Lack of crosstalk between parallel fibers
no NEXT, FEXT
Immunity to inductive interference
High-quality transmission
Low installation and operating costs
17 | xDSL
FTTEx
FTTCab
FTTC
FTTH/B
XNT
ONU
ADSL ( < 6 KM )
< 8 Mbit/s
Central Office
ATM NETWORK
VB5
OLT
XNT
ONU
ADSL/VDSL ( < 1 KM )
LL Network
< 26 Mbit/s
G.703
ONU
OTHER
POTS/ISDN
XNT
< 52 Mbit/s
V5
ONT
< 622 Mbit/s down
< 155 Mbit/s up
18 | xDSL
TOC
Standards
ANSI standards
ANSI T1.413 Issue 1
1995
first ADSL specification out in 1995 was STM based and not clearly built.
ANSI T1.413 Issue 2
1998
second ADSL specification which was mostly driven by Alcatel and ATM based
as is used today
20 | xDSL
ITU-T standards
ITU-T
G.dmt or G992.1
specification by ITU-T which is based on the ANSI T1.413 Issue 2 standard
plus an extra handshaking protocol.
Annex A
Annex B
Annex C
ITU-T
G.lite or G992.2
specification by ITU-T which is a stripped down version of the ANSI T1.413
Issue 2 standard plus an extra handshaking protocol. Based on
recommendations made by the UAWC workgroup (Microsoft, Compaq, Intel)
ITU-T
G.hs or G994.1
specifies the handshaking procedure for xDSL transceivers
21 | xDSL
POTS
Spectrum
UP
POTS
30kHz
G.dmt Annex A
DOWN
138kHz
1,1MHz
UP
G.lite
DOWN
548kHz
30kHz
ISDN
UP
138kHz
22 | xDSL
G.dmt Annex B
DOWN
1,1MHz
TOC
Restrictions
Data speed
Question : how can we increase the data speed and respect the symbol rate
related constraint ? (Nyquist)
Bits
symbols
bits
sec
sec
symbol
Answer : increase the number of bits per symbol via different modulation
techniques like QAM
bit rate
expresses in bits per second (bps)
symbol rate expressed in symbols per second (baud)
24 | xDSL
Ts
Symbol period
25 | xDSL
Capacity [bps]
~
~
1/3 x W x SNR x G
W = bandwidth in Hz
SNR = Signal to Noise ratio in dB
G = Gainfactor achieved by error correction
26 | xDSL
Capacity Mb/s
25
20
Sha
15
nn o
nH
AD
SL
10
artl
ey
c
apa
city
8,1 Mb/s
6 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
27 | xDSL
2
3
4
UTP Cable length
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
km
5
1 km
20
R=
2km
3km
40
4km
60
80
POTS
band
28 | xDSL
10 KHz
100 KHz
1 MHz
Frequency
(Hz)
xd
Seff
Local exchange
R=
xd
Seff
Received pulse
Transmitted pulse
29 | xDSL
Mbit/s
10
ADSL Downstream
8
6
4
2
0
Kbit/s
1000
800
600
400
ADSL Upstream
200
0
30 | xDSL
km
km
Bridged taps
1
2
Echo
Echo
Main
Signal
Attenuation (dB)
Increased
attenuation due to
Bridged Tap
Frequency (Hz)
31 | xDSL
Crosstalk
Rx
Tx
Rx
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Tx
Tx
Rx
For ADSL there is no Near End Crosstalk only Far End Crosstalk!
32 | xDSL
POTS
UP
30kHz
G.dmt Annex A
DOWN
NEXT
138kHz
1,1MHz
ISDN
UP
G.dmt Annex B
DOWN
138kHz
1,1MHz
When AoP (ADSL over POTS) and AoI (ADSL over ISDN) reside in the same binder
there is NEXT
Some frequencies of the downstream transmitter of an AoP line overlap with
the receiver frequencies of an AoI line.
33 | xDSL
TOC
Modulation
Constellation
0111
2
1
0
0101 0001
0110
0100
0000
1110
1100
1000
1101
1001 1011
0010
-1
-2
-3
1111
0,5
1,5
2,5
35 | xDSL
0011
4 bits/symbol
>> QAM-16
1010
Constellation
Parasite noise
3
1001
2
1
Same frequency
Amplitude
Phase
1
0
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
0,5
Transmit
0101
0110
0100
0000
1110
1100
1000
1101
1001 1011
0,5
1111
Receive
36 | xDSL
0001
0011
1011
0111
0010
1010
QAM-16
QAM-64
27,8
QAM-256
33,8
QAM-512
36,8
10
QAM-1.024
39,9
12
QAM-4.096
45,9
14
QAM-16.384
51,9
37 | xDSL
38 | xDSL
QAM-4 f1
QAM-16 f2
QAM-4 f3
= DMT
Ts (Symbol Time)
39 | xDSL
1 DMT Symbol
40 | xDSL
Line characteristics
ADSL filter
characteristics
Frequency
interference
frequency
Bits / carrier
29
38
255
4 30
125
165
1100
41 | xDSL
carrier
frequency (kHz)
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
42 | xDSL
Carriers
Bit swapping
After start-up we will use a lower QAM then possible on most of the carriers
the measured SNR at startup determines the maximum possible QAM at startup
Example : QAM-4096 corresponding with 12 bits per symbol used QAM on
that carrier : QAM-1024 (10 bits per symbol). This results in extra bits that
could be allocated on that carrier
During showtime (modem operation), the SNR is measured on all carriers at
regular intervals (default 1 sec)
if the SNR on a certain carrier degrades resulting at a lower QAM that can be
used on that carrier, the bits of that carrier will be reallocated to other
carriers where the maximum QAM is higher than the actual used QAM.
the modems will try to spread out the reallocated bits over numerous
carriers.
43 | xDSL
Bitswapping explained
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
44 | xDSL
Carriers
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
Affected frequencies
45 | xDSL
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
46 | xDSL
Carriers
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
47 | xDSL
Carriers
Communicating modems
ADNT DMT FRAME
(ATU-R)
DOWN
modulation
DOWN
demodulation
UP
modulation
The ATU-R locks to the pilot carrier in the downstream direction (PLL : Phase
Locked Loop)
The better the lock, the better the overall SNR !
48 | xDSL
ADSL superframe
DMT Symbol
DS 1
DS 2
DS 3
DS 4
.....
DS 67
DS 68
SS 69
SUPERFRAME
DMT symbol
17 ms
a DMT symbol is the sum of all symbols on each individual carrier
Data Symbol (DS)
a data symbol is used to transmit payload information
Synchronization Symbol (SS)
a synchronization symbol is transmitted after 68 data symbols to assure
synchronization and to detect possible loss of frame
ADSL symbol period
Ts=17ms/69 = 246,377 s
Ts=17ms/68 = 250 s (symbol period for the data plane)
49 | xDSL
TOC
2 bit error
3 bit error
Correction Mode
2 bit error
1 bit error
Detection Mode
51 | xDSL
= Invalid data
52 | xDSL
Byte
Code RS(255,239)
1
2
3
4
Distance : n-k+1
d= 255-239+1
d=17
Correction: (d-1)/2
c=(17-1)/2
c=8
k byte
message
vector
n byte code
vector
239
240
n-k
check
bytes
254
255
53 | xDSL
Reed Solomon
Distance = 15-11+1= 5
Message vector
Correction = (5-1)/2= 2
Ctrl
Data to be transmitted
Burst of errors
Transmitted data
More then 2
lost bytes
Lost data
Received data
54 | xDSL
Interleaving
Message
vector
Ctrl
Data to be transmitted
Bloc 0
Bloc 1
Bloc 2
Bloc 3
Bloc 4
Burst errors
Transmitted Data
6 lost bytes
Bloc 0
1 Byte error
per bloc!
Correction
55 | xDSL
Bloc 1
Ctrl Correction
Bloc 3
Bloc 2
Ctrl Correction
Ctrl Correction
Received Data
Ctrl Correction
Ctrl
1B
Reed Solomon
overhead
RS Decoder
+ Buffer
Traffic
Burst
of 4
ATM
cells
shaper
56 | xDSL
ATM
functions
FAST =
NO
INTERLEAVING !
57 | xDSL
Trellis coding
Trellis coding is another error detection and correction mechanism which is
optional for ADSL.
Trellis principle
looking at the complete data, youre able to detect and correct errors,
similar to detection and correction is spoken language.
Example :
transmitted data
the water is wet and cold
received datathe water is let and cold
by looking at the word let only, we can not decide that the sentence is wrong.
by looking at the information before and after the word (context), we can safely say
that it should be wet instead of let.
58 | xDSL
DS 1
DS 2
DS 3
DS 4
.....
DS 67
DS 68
SS 69
SUPERFRAME
17 ms
1 data symbol corresponds to a 255 RS word. Some bytes in the RS word are
framing overhead used for modem to modem communication (EOC, AOC, IB,
CRC)
If RS is not used, our data still runs through the RS decoder.
The maximum downstream ADSL speed for our data :
with RS
(255-16-1)*8bits/byte*4000 symb/sec
= 7,616 Mbps
without RS (255-1)*8bits/byte*4000 symb/sec = 8,128 Mbps
59 | xDSL
Coding gain
From the table QAM vs. SNR, we have seen that to attain a BER of 10 -7 for a
specific QAM you need a certain SNR.
if the SNR is lower than this value, the BER will be too high.
by introducing error detection and correction you lower the BER because a
number of the introduced errors will be corrected.
The mechanism introduces a coding gain resulting in an actual lower SNR that is
needed to achieve a certain constellation.
Trellis introduces a coding gain of approximately 5,5dB
RS introduces a coding gain of approximately 4dB
Trellis & RS together introduce a gain of approximately 9dB
QAM
uncoded
Trellis
RS
Trellis + RS
QAM-16
21,5
16
17,5
12,5
QAM-64
27,5
22
23,5
18,5
60 | xDSL
ADSL rates
Framing overhead
1 up to 6 Bytes
Attainable
line rate
Trellis
overhead
1B
ATM data
61 | xDSL
Reed Solomon
overhead
ADSL Flavors
Table of contents
63 | xDSL
ADSL today
Reuse of existing copper wire
High Speed Data (Internet) Access
Separate network for data
Data and voice can be used simultaneously
Maximum Distance
Discrete MultiTone (DMT) modulation
Error detection/correction
Physical point-to-point connection
65 | xDSL
CO
Green Zone
Grey Zone
Red Zone
Coverage
Bandwidth
Services
Tier 5: 10 Mb/s
66 | xDSL
Voice
Baseband voice
Tier
Increased
ARPU
Communication/Entertainment to N
devices
Video Broadcast
Interactive video (VOD)
Gaming (PC & consoles)
35-45 Tier 1
1.5 Mbps
Tier 2
3.5 Mbps
Tier 3
5.5 Mbps
Tier 4
7.5 Mbps
Tier 5
10 Mbps
Tier 6
15 Mbps
Business
Voice
Baseband voice, VoDSL
Access services
Corporate leased line, access, business
access
Communication/Entertainment to N
devices
Video broadcast, Interactive video
67 | xDSL
Downstream BW
>100
+
++
Coverage
VDSL
ADSL2(plus)
ADSL
68 | xDSL
ADSL2
READSL2
Remote
DSLAM
6 Mb/s
Remote
DSLAM
Central
Office
Remote
DSLAM
69 | xDSL
ADSL
VDSL
ADSL=
Different bandplans
Plan 997 :
compromise bandplan
for symmetric and
asymmetric traffic
Next
generation
ADSL2
Improved OAM
ADSL2plus
Downstream
bandwidth boost up to
24 Mb/s
70 | xDSL
ADSL restrictions
Unable to provide consistent performance over longer distances.
Several potential improvements defined in the last years:
71 | xDSL
G.dmt.bis = G.992.3
= second generation ADSL2
Main improvements:
performance: raising the bar;
loop diagnostics tools;
improved initialization & fast start-up ;
power management;
G.adslplus = G.992.5 =
ADSL2+
ADSL2+ is defined as delta to ADSL2
Downstream bandwidth increase
(frequency spectrum up until 2.2 MHz)
At least 16 Mbit/s should be supported (up to 24
Mbit/s)
G.adslplus = on G.992.3
= ADSL2+
READSL= G.992.3 annex L
= Reach Extended DSL
72 | xDSL
73 | xDSL
19.9 dBm
downstream
UP
3kHz
138kHz
1,1MHz
13.4 dBm
upstream
276kHz
UP
POTS
3kHz
19.3 dBm
downstream
G.992.3
Annex J
DOWN
1,1MHz
254kHz
UP
G.992.3
Annex M
DOWN
276kHz
74 | xDSL
G.992.3
Annex I
DOWN
1.1 MHz
ADSL2 IMPROVEMENTS
G.992.3
Improvements in areas
Adaptation to time
varying line conditions
ADSL Anywhere:
RU deployment
Enabling applications:
voice, games and video
Enabling implementation
technologies
76 | xDSL
Egress Friendliness
Ease of CPE installation
77 | xDSL
Recommendation
ADSL (G.992.1)
6.144 Mbps
ADSL2 (G.992.3)
8 Mbps
15 Mbps
ADSL (G.992.1)
640 Kbps
1.5 Mbps
ADSL2 (G.992.3)
800 Kbps
1.5 Mbps
78 | xDSL
ADSL
and -140dBm/Hz white
noise
bitrate (kbps)
2000
At CPE side:
6 Self Xtlk, 6 G992.1 ADSL
and -140dBm/Hz white
noise
1500
ADSL downstream
ADSL2 downstream
1000
ADSL upstream
ADSL2 upstream
500
0
14
15
16
17
79 | xDSL
18
80 | xDSL
81 | xDSL
Improved Initialization
Receiver gives feedback to the CO.
Pilot tone is allocated by receiver
Arbitrary allocation (by receiver) of carriers used for initialization messages.
Tone blackout (disabling tones) to enable RFI cancellation schemes.
ATU-R chooses configuration
taken into account the constraints given by the CO (improved rate adaptivity
concept).
Receiver and transmitter determine duration of init signals
Power cutback possible at both ends
82 | xDSL
83 | xDSL
Normal operation
keep alive
Sleep
84 | xDSL
85 | xDSL
The following test parameters can be measured and passed to the nearend management
entity:
Channel Characteristics Function H(f) per subcarrier (CCF-ps);
Quiet Line Noise PSD QLN(f) per subcarrier (QLN-ps);
Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNR(f) per subcarrier (SNR-ps);
Line Attenuation (LATN);
Signal Attenuation (SATN);
Signal-to-Noise Margin (SNRM);
Attainable Net Data Rate (ATTNDR);
NearEnd Actual Aggregate Transmit Power (ACTATP);
Far-end Actual Aggregate Transmit Power (ACTATP);
86 | xDSL
87 | xDSL
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
Affected frequencies
88 | xDSL
Bits/carrier
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
89 | xDSL
Carriers
ADSL
Kbps
Radio
interference
ADSL2
Radio
interference
Radio
interference
Back to
original rate
Radio
interference
SRA
Reduced rate
forever
time
Modem reset
Initialization of 10 sec
ADSL: re-initialization.
ADSL2: adapting the data rate in real time.
90 | xDSL
Reduced
rate
SRA
time
Fast Start-up
Reduce the initialization time from 10 s to 3 s.
Allow ATUs to quickly enter Showtime:
From a L3 power management state
In case of error during Showtime
Data Rate fine tuning in Showtime.
Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) should be implemented
91 | xDSL
POTS/
ISDN
UP
UP
92 | xDSL
DOWN
DOWN
93 | xDSL
Normal VoDSL
94 | xDSL
VeDSL = CVoDSL
95 | xDSL
Latency path #0
#n
INTERLEAVER
SCRAMBLER
RS
FEC
Interleaving depth
n= 0 .. 3
P= 0 .. 3
RS Coding Info
Latency path #p
96 | xDSL
LATENCY PATH
MULTIPLEXER
#0
MULTIPLEXER
Frame bearers
PM
ADSL 1
ATM
ATM IMA
ADSL2
ADSL x
97 | xDSL
IMA Group
...
...
TX
98 | xDSL
RX
99 | xDSL
ADSL2+
G.992.5
101 | xDSL
ADSL2+ characteristics
ADSL2+ : downstream frequencies up to 2.2 MHz (512 carriers)
Increased downstream data rates on shorter lines (in Mbps):
distance
ADSL
ADSL2+
remote
0.5 km
14.5
12.0
1.0 km
7.4
13
10.0
2.0 km
6.2
10
7.2
3.0 km
5.5
5.9
3.5
4.0 km
3.0
3.0
1.0
5.0 km
1.0
1.0
ADSL2+
102 | xDSL
103 | xDSL
Mandatory
downstream datarate
ADSL (G.992.1)
6.144 Mbps
ADSL2 (G.992.3)
8 Mbps
15 Mbps
ADSL2+ (G.992.5)
16 Mbps
24,5 Mbps
104 | xDSL
105 | xDSL
G.992.3 Annex L
107 | xDSL
108 | xDSL
2500
bitrate (kbps)
2000
1500
READSL DS
ADSL DS
ADSL US
1000
READSL US
500
0
14
=4,3km
109 | xDSL
15
16
17
=5,2km
18
=5,5km
Service
ADSL
READSL2
110 | xDSL
www.alcatel-lucent.com
111 | xDSL